Team work in Cuban national teams of Water Polo
Talia Virgen Negret Veranes
1
, Rafael Millán Caballero
2
, Marta Cañizares Hernández
3
.
1
Instituto
de
Medicina
Deportiva.
Email:
talianegretveranes@gmail.com
.
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-36068675
2
Universidad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física y el Deporte.
Email:
micara81@gmail.com
.
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7413-7518
3
Universidad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física y el Deporte.
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-
9504-8675
Abstract
The
work
presented
summarizes
a
descriptive-correlational
research
that
aimed
to
analyze the functioning of teamwork in the Cuban women's and men's water polo teams.
The selected sample was 29 athletes, 14 participants from the women's team and 15 from
the men's team, with ages between 20 and 21 years in both teams, sports experience is
approximately 9 years and experience in the team is 2.6 years. The applied methodology
consisted of a first step, related to the adaptation of the contextualized instrument to the
characteristics
of
the
Water
Polo,
checking
the
reliability
of
its
items
using
the
Cronbach's
Alpha statistical
procedure; Subsequently, based on Kendall's
Tau-b, the
analysis
of
teamwork
was
carried
out
through
the
correlations
of
sociodemographic
variables
of
the
selected
sample
with
the
dimensions
associated
with
the
teamwork
variable:
communication,
coordination,
trust,
complementarity
and
commitment.
The
results showed that, for the applied context, the sociodemographic variables did not have
a
significant
relationship
with
the
teamwork
variables;
However,
the
relationship
established from communication with commitment, coordination, complementarity and
trust did show significant positive relationships.
Keywords: variables, teamwork, correlations, psychological analysis
Introduction
Water polo is a team sport and, like any team, it needs to coordinate all its components to
achieve a good result (Ayovi, 2019). The actions in this sport occur in conditions of
interrelation
and
interdependence
in
a
non-natural
environment
(water).
Therefore,
it
needs
coordination
and
precision,
supported
by
offensive
and
defensive
transition
strategies.
It
has
complex
tactical
communication
systems
between
the
players
and
between them and the coach.
Athletes in this discipline must have a high degree of collectivism, where the individual
does not take precedence over the group, the team. They must be able to develop good
emotional relationships in their activity group, but above all be able to interact from a
functional sporting point of view with their teammates and at the same time not lose
individual initiative and decision making when this is necessary. necessary.
It constitutes a fundamental premise for performance in this sport, full and unconditional
identification with the goals and purposes of the team, mutual help and constant support.
Polo players are required to have a high capacity to concentrate attention, adequate self-
regulatory
mechanisms,
both
for
emotional
self-control,
before
and
during
playing
actions,
and
for
the
regulation
of
the
action
itself
and
physical
and/or
psychological
recovery in each moment of sports fighting.
The high development of volitional qualities and sporting morality is another premise that
should not be overlooked in water polo, since volitional athletes with a sporting and social
ethic in accordance with the guiding principles of the society they represent, They are
players who fight and seek victory until their last breath.
Like any other sport, water polo is structured into sports teams, according to Paulas (2004)
they are basic structural units that integrate athletes, coaches, support staff, resources and
processes in order to achieve a high result. To achieve this goal.
An important part of the functioning of sports teams is psychological preparation. Roffé
(2020) supports the criterion that in team sports, psychological preparation is aimed at
establishing objectives, developing cohesion, strengthening mental aspects, as well as
managing
pressures,
focusing
attention
and
developing
self-confidence,
among
other
aspects.
As part of the study of psychological preparation, group cohesion allows us to know
aspects associated with the functioning of sports teams. In this sense, Roffé and Rivas
(2013) summarize the aspects in five dimensions known as the "five Cs" (communication,
cooperation, coordination, trust and commitment).
In another order, from the sports practice of gymnastics in the State of Cojedes, Nuñez,
M., Isla, SD., Páez, YR., and Alata, YI (2019) showed little combativity and fighting
spirit; reflecting difficulties for the gymnasts when completing some tasks, facing
obstacles and no guidance was heard nor was there any planning of psychological
actions on the part of the coach.
The
background
of
the
dimensions
that
make
up
the
"five
Cs"
in
sports
teams
are
characterized by the isolated study of each one, the union of these with other associated
ones, or the investigation of cohesion in general as an element associated with sports
performance.
From cohesion as an integrating element of teamwork, García Más (2001) emphasizes
the
importance
of
cohesion,
together
with
other
factors
such
as
cooperation
and
coordination. In his work, the author cites Rabbie (1995) who evaluates communication
and trust as variables integrated into cooperation.
Also on cohesion, Verdier (2020) and Correa Recabal et al. (2021) carried out a study on
the psychological variables that influence sports results, which included group cohesion
as a variable that defines performance.
For their part, Vives Ribó and Rabassa (2020) presented their professional experience in
two of the “five Cs”. The authors enhanced the coach's communication to achieve better
motivation towards achievement and confidence.
Regarding this aspect, the coaches of the Cuban men's and women's national water polo
teams
demanded
the
study
of
the
psychological
aspects
that
influence
performance
problems
in matches,
such as
errors in
passing, difficulties in
leadership
and lack of
coordination.
In response to this demand, the objective of the research was determined: to analyze the
behavior of the five Cs in the matches of the Cuban national water polo teams.
Materials and methods
The research was descriptive-correlational in nature and consisted of a first step aimed at
adapting
and
verifying
the
reliability
of
the
survey;
and
the
second,
oriented
to
the
processing of information and analysis of the results of the correlations carried out. It was
carried out in the period corresponding to the 2022-2023 training macrocycle.
Population:
29 polo players from the two Cuban national water polo teams, 14 polo
players from the women's team and 15 from the men's team. Table 1 summarizes the main
characteristics of these.
Table 1 Sample characteristics
|
Sport team
|
N
|
Averages in years
|
|
Age
|
Water
polo
experience
|
Team experience
|
|
Female
|
14
|
19,7
|
8,3
|
1,7
|
|
Male
|
15
|
21,4
|
9,8
|
3,6
|
For its selection, the following inclusion and exclusion criteria were taken:
Inclusion criteria:
-Athletes
enrolled
in
the
Giraldo
Córdova
Cardín
high-performance
athlete
training
schools in the 2022-2023 academic year.
-Belong to the national teams of the senior category.
-Athletes who practice Water Polo and were invited to train with the selected sample.
Exclusion criteria:
-Athletes hired abroad during the application of the questionnaire.
Evaluation instrument
The
adapted
questionnaire
consisted
of
a
first
group
of
sociodemographic
questions
including age, experience in the national team, regularity in matches and participation in
competitions. The second group of questions was aimed at measuring the dimensions of
teamwork based on the instrument by Cañizares (2022).
This
author
designed
an
instrument
to
evaluate
teamwork
based
on
the
five
Cs:
communication, coordination, complementarity, trust and role and commitment. For each
dimension he assigned four items (20 in total).
Taking into account the particularities and interests of the research, the five dimensions
were
maintained,
but
only
10
items
(two
for
each
one)
as
shown
in
table
2.
The
participants made a rating of each dimension on a Likert-type scale with five levels: very
low, low, medium, high and very high.
Table 2. Aspects evaluated in the research
|
No.
|
Aspects
|
Dimension
|
|
1
|
The information necessary for the development of technical-
tactical actions in the game is transmitted in the team.
|
Communication
|
|
2
|
The tasks and actions in the game are coordinated taking into
account the level of preparation of each one
|
Coordination
|
|
3
|
Rookies
enrich
their
individual
preparation
through
the
support of players with greater sporting experience
|
Complementarity
|
|
4
|
Actions in competitions are coordinated by the team leader
|
Coordination
|
|
5
|
The skills of each player favor the results of the team's game
|
Complementarity
|
|
6
|
Collective information is used in matches.
|
Communication
|
|
7
|
Group tasks in the game are easily carried out because team
members share various socialization spaces.
|
Confidence
|
|
8
|
On the team, everyone knows their roles for the game and is
committed to meeting the objectives.
|
Role
and
commitment
|
|
9
|
Attackers
in
water
polo
are
certain
that
the
defenders
will
“cover their back” during attacking actions.
|
Confidence
|
|
10
|
In
the
match,
the
team
leader
ensures
that
the
agreement
agreed upon by everyone is fulfilled.
|
Role
and
commitment
|
Statistical procedures
Two statistical procedures were used to analyze the results obtained in the evaluated
variables.
1. Cronbach's alpha. It allowed the instrument to be validated in both selections.
2. Kendall's Tau-b correlation coefficient. It allowed us to verify if there was a significant
relationship between the 10 variables evaluated, in addition, if there was a relationship
between age and years of experience in the team, with the 10 variables that measure the
behavior of the five Cs in both teams.
Instrument validation
Table 3 shows the values of the Cronbach's Alpha statistic for the total number of polo
players surveyed and the female and male teams separately.
Table 3. Reliability statistics
|
Sample
|
Cronbach's Alpha
|
N of items
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total polo players
|
,749
|
10
|
|
Female team
|
,750
|
10
|
Note that, in all cases, the values of the reliability statistic are greater than 0.7. Based on
the criteria of Oviedo and Campo Arias (2005), reliability values greater than 0.7 are an
acceptable result, depending on the type of research carried out in this work.
Results and discussion
In this section, the results of the correlation between variables and their discussion are
presented.
Results
of
the
correlation
between
the
sociodemographic
variables with the variables of the functioning of the female and
male teams
Table 4. Correlations of the women's team
|
Variables
|
Aspects
|
General variables
|
|
Age
|
Team
experience
|
Participation
in
competitions
|
Regularity
|
|
Communication
|
1
|
-,168
|
-,268
|
-,121
|
-,452
|
|
6
|
-,195
|
,186
|
,112
|
,175
|
|
Coordination
|
2
|
-,107
|
-,030
|
,100
|
-,225
|
|
4
|
-,083
|
-,063
|
,103
|
,251
|
|
Complementarity
|
3
|
,027
|
-180
|
-,181
|
-,052
|
|
5
|
-,080
|
,325
|
,297
|
,186
|
|
confidence
|
7
|
,534
*
|
-,390
|
,330
|
,304
|
|
9
|
,181
|
-,125
|
,155
|
,341
|
|
|
|
Role
and
commitment
|
8
|
-,189
|
-,082
|
,342
|
,451
|
|
10
|
-,028
|
-,016
|
,295
|
,380
|
*The correlation is significant at the 0.05 level
As
can
be
seen,
there
was
no
statistically
significant
relationship
between
age,
team
experience,
participation
in
competitions
and
regularity,
and
the
variables
of
communication, coordination, complementarity and role and commitment evaluated in
the women's team; since the general aspects indicated are not decisive in the adequate
development of the 5 dimensions that measure the teamwork variable.
Only in the case of trust, a statistically significant relationship is corroborated between
the group training tasks and age because it is a team that shares various socialization
spaces (curricular activities, coexistence, recreation) expressing common interests and
objectives, functioning as psychogroup favorably; while, for the other indicator, on the
relationships of trust between defenders and attackers, there are no significant differences,
because personal brilliance comes before the team's success.
Table 5. Correlation coefficients of the men's team
|
Variables
|
Aspect
s
|
General variables
|
|
Age
|
Team
experience
|
Participation
in
competitions
|
Regularity
|
|
Communication
|
1
|
,114
|
,064
|
,398
|
,037
|
|
6
|
,101
|
,165
|
,099
|
,000
|
|
Coordination
|
2
|
-,011
|
,148
|
-,236
|
-,117
|
|
4
|
,264
|
-,058
|
,226
|
-,288
|
|
Complementarity
|
3
|
,299
|
,133
|
,328
|
-,018
|
|
5
|
-,060
|
-,278
|
-,156
|
-,282
|
|
Confidence
|
7
|
,062
|
,200
|
-,178
|
-,219
|
|
9
|
,375
|
,154
|
,123
|
,052
|
|
Role
and
commitment
|
8
|
,445
*
|
,219
|
,110
|
,000
|
|
10
|
-,072
|
-,097
|
,031
|
-,282
|
*The correlation is significant at the 0.05 level
As in the women's team, there was no statistically significant relationship between age,
team experience, participation in competitions and regularity, with and the teamwork
functioning variables evaluated.
Exceptionally, in the case of role and commitment, a statistically significant relationship
was corroborated between the knowledge of the roles of each team member and age,
motivated because the team members consciously strive to comply with the assigned tasks
and with the set objectives, contributing the best individually in favor of the group, during
the training sessions.
Correlation
results
between
the
variables
that
evaluate
teamwork
Table 6. Correlations of the women's team
|
Aspect
s
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
|
1
|
1,000
|
,
691
*
*
|
,462
*
|
,029
|
,135
|
,158
|
,330
|
,138
|
,029
|
-,015
|
|
2
|
,
691
*
*
|
1,000
|
,430
|
-,168
|
,516
*
|
,424
|
,079
|
,190
|
-,084
|
,211
|
|
3
|
,462
*
|
,430
|
1,00
0
|
,125
|
,192
|
,105
|
,267
|
,436
|
,181
|
,322
|
|
4
|
,029
|
-,168
|
,125
|
1,00
0
|
-,234
|
-,047
|
,393
|
,379
|
,145
|
-,058
|
|
5
|
,135
|
,516
*
|
,192
|
-,234
|
1,00
0
|
,524
*
|
-,019
|
,122
|
,200
|
,219
|
|
6
|
,158
|
,424
|
,105
|
-,047
|
,
524
*
|
1,00
0
|
,035
|
,410
|
-,078
|
,426
|
|
7
|
,330
|
,079
|
,267
|
,393
|
-,019
|
,035
|
1,00
0
|
,531
*
|
,459
|
,215
|
|
8
|
,138
|
,190
|
,436
|
,379
|
,122
|
,410
|
,531
*
|
1,000
|
,106
|
,672
*
*
|
|
9
|
,029
|
-,084
|
,181
|
,145
|
,200
|
-,078
|
,459
|
,106
|
1,00
0
|
-,175
|
|
10
|
-,015
|
,211
|
,322
|
-,058
|
,219
|
,426
|
,215
|
,672
*
*
|
-,175
|
1,000
|
**the correlation is significant at the 0.01 level
*the correlation is significant at the 0.05 level
Highly significant relationships:
-
✓
transmission of team information (communication) and coordination of actions
(coordination);
This
indicates
that
for
the
team
members
it
is
essential
that
communication flows in order to coordinate the development of technical-tactical
actions from the different individual actions.
-
✓
knowledge of the roles of the team members and the role of the leader in the parties
(both
role
and
commitment),
demonstrating
that
in
this
team
knowing
the
individual roles and consciously complying with the objectives set is essential to
achieve compliance what was agreed between everyone, during the games.
Significant relationships:
-
✓
transmission
of
team
information
(communication)
and
enrichment
of
the
preparation
of
new
players
helped
by
more
experienced
players
(complementarity); highlighting that novice players require that during training
sessions players with more sports experience inform them of the tasks that must
be performed and how to improve their performance in fulfilling them.
-
✓
coordination of actions in the game (coordination) and individual performance for
the overall team result (complementarity); This means that the presence of the
-
leader within the team in the development of training tasks and actions contributes
to enhancing coordinated work, thus conditioning the overall result.
-
✓
individual performance for the overall result of the team (complementarity) and
the use of collective information (communication); taking into account that good
communication allows each of the oriented indications to be clearly understood,
generating competitive advantages.
-
✓
compliance with group tasks (trust) and mastery of the functions of each player
(role
and
commitment);
It
shows
that
this
team
is
emotionally
united
and
committed to their sport and their role, willing to eradicate the barriers that arise
in the fulfillment of their tasks, which promotes the fulfillment of achievements,
and contributes to the improvement of each one.
Table 7. Correlations of the men's team
|
Aspect
s
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
|
1
|
1,00
0
|
,164
|
,145
|
,572
*
|
-,044
|
,
611
*
|
,105
|
,234
|
,285
|
,494
*
|
|
2
|
,164
|
1,00
0
|
-,129
|
-,050
|
-
,569
*
|
,245
|
0,00
0
|
-,208
|
-,089
|
-,168
|
|
3
|
,145
|
-,129
|
1,00
0
|
,566
*
|
,233
|
-,231
|
-,341
|
,317
|
,295
|
-,110
|
|
4
|
,572
*
|
-,050
|
,566
*
|
1,00
0
|
,290
|
,208
|
-,218
|
,411
|
,439
|
,224
|
|
5
|
-,044
|
-
,569
*
|
,233
|
,290
|
1,00
0
|
,043
|
-,014
|
,179
|
,309
|
,151
|
|
6
|
,611
*
|
,245
|
-,231
|
,208
|
,043
|
1,000
|
,269
|
,290
|
,
480
*
|
,504
*
|
|
7
|
,105
|
0,00
0
|
-,341
|
-,218
|
-,014
|
,269
|
1,00
0
|
,086
|
-,097
|
,568
*
|
|
8
|
,234
|
-,208
|
,317
|
,411
|
,179
|
,290
|
,086
|
1,000
|
,744
*
*
|
,303
|
|
9
|
,285
|
-,089
|
,295
|
,439
|
,309
|
,480
*
|
-,097
|
,744
*
*
|
1,000
|
,188
|
|
10
|
,494
*
|
-,168
|
-,110
|
,224
|
,151
|
,504
*
|
,568
*
|
,303
|
,188
|
1,00
0
|
**the correlation is significant at the 0.01 level
*the correlation is significant at the 0.05 level
Highly significant correlation:
-
✓
knowledge
of
the
roles
of
the
team
members
(role
and
commitment)
and
the
certainty of defensive coverage in attacking actions (trust); demonstrating that this
team is emotionally united and committed to their sport and their role, willing to
eradicate the barriers that arise in the fulfillment of their tasks, which promotes
the fulfillment of achievements, and contributes to the improvement of each one.
Significant correlation between:
-
✓
the transmission of team information (communication) and the coordination of the
leader's
actions
(coordination);
This
indicates
that
for
the
team
members
it
is
essential that communication flows in order to coordinate the development of
technical-tactical actions from the different individual actions.
-
✓
transmission
of
team
information
and
use
of
collective
information
(both
communication); highlighting that the transmission of the necessary information
during
training
sessions
generates
the
optimization
of
resources
and
time,
increasing performance in the celebration of matches, in which it is effective to
provide information collectively.
-
✓
transmission
of
team
information
(communication)
and
the
leader's
work
in
fulfilling
roles
(role
and
commitment);
highlighting
that
good
communication
allows
us
to
clearly
understand
each
of
the
instructions
given
by
the
leader,
especially in “how” to meet the objectives and goals set.
-
✓
coordination of game actions based on the level of preparation of each member
(coordination)
and
individual
performance
to
achieve
collective
goals
(complementarity); highlighting that the good relationships established between
novice players and those with greater experience strengthen the work to achieve
a certain goal or objective, with the leader exerting a positive influence during the
activities to be carried out.
-
✓
coordination of the leader's actions (coordination) and the development of new
players (complementarity); This means that the presence of the leader within the
-
team in the development of training tasks and actions contributes to enhancing
coordinated work, thus conditioning the overall result.
-
✓
use
of
collective
information
(communication)
and
the
certainty
of
defensive
coverage in attack actions (trust); expressing that good communication promotes
compliance
with
agreed
agreements,
enables
the
exchange
of
criteria
and
facilitates decision-making and the implementation of concrete actions.
-
✓
use of collective information (communication) and the leader's work in fulfilling
roles (role and commitment); shows that collective information has a positive
effect on skills, stimulating self-confidence and trust in others.
-
✓
the leader's work in fulfilling roles (role and commitment) and fulfilling group
tasks in socialization spaces (trust); reveals that the members of this group, by
believing in what they do, consciously commit themselves, voluntarily respecting
what has been agreed between them.
The
research
showed
that
in
general
for
the
teams
studied,
there
is
no
significant
correlation between the variables experience, regularity in the team and participation in
competitions with the dimensions known as the five Cs of teamwork. But when detailing
the correlations, it was found that age does show significant relationships in both teams.
In the women's team there are relationships with group tasks (trust); while for the male, a
relationship
was
observed
between
age
and
knowledge
of
the
members'
roles.
This
coincides
with
Vives
Ribó
and
Rabassa
(2020)
who,
regarding trust,
emphasized
the
importance of this quality for achieving high results.
On
the
other
hand,
it
was
found
that
the
correlation
between
the
dimensions
of
the
teamwork variable did not behave in a similar way in the teams studied, since in the
female
team
the
fundamental
dimensions
for
optimal
teamwork
behavior
were
communication and coordination together. to commitment and role; while in the men's
team they were commitment and role and trust. This finding is similar to that mentioned
by Ortiz (2021) when identifying the dimensions referred to as the most used to obtain
effective teamwork.
It was noted that the correlation of communication with the dimensions coordination,
trust,
commitment
and
role
in
the
male
team
and
in
the
female
team
with
the
complementarity dimension, point to communication as the main dimension that favors
the appropriate climate during the development of tasks. joint in the studied selections; A
result that coincides with what Quesada (2022) stated when referring that communication
is a fundamental pillar of teamwork.
The correlation expressed by the dimensions coordination and complementarity in both
teams
was
similar,
highlighting
the
importance
of
the
leader
in
the
development
of
training and competencies. The result obtained differs from Quesada's (2022) approach
by stating that the considerable presence of coordination and the weak correlation of
complementarity indicate the need to enhance the work through favorable leadership that
promotes the joint effort.
The dimensions trust and commitment and role behaved in a similar way in both teams,
demonstrating that to streamline teamwork it is necessary that there be synergy between
its members, in order to favor the improvement of everyone individually and jointly, as
Franco defended. (2022) the mere fact of not having to hide the emotions and feelings
that team members may experience reduces distractions and generates an environment of
trust and security. However, in the men's team trust correlated with communication, this
was not
the case in the women's team,
this result
accentuating what Quesada (2022)
reported about the effect of transparent communication on the team's results.
Conclusions
The dimensions of the variable evaluated in the research showed that they do not have a
statistically significant relationship with age, experience on the team, participation in
competitions and age. Therefore, these are not determining factors for the development
of teamwork.
On
the
other
hand,
there
were
significant
relationships
between
the
five
C
variables
themselves,
mainly
those
associated
with
communication
with
commitment,
coordination,
trust
and
complementarity.
This
demonstrates
the
importance
of
communication, the central process that determines the effectiveness of teamwork.
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