Exercises to improve driving in field hockey category 13-

1

5 years

Abstract

Technical preparation in Field Hockey has become more scientific with the passing of

time. Coaches around the world carefully study and analyze how to prepare their team

in a more specialized way, taking into account the characteristics of each rival they face.

Getting the players to have a better attack perception with mastery of driving, midfielders

capable of maintaining the intensity in the offensive work during the minutes with

creativity and intelligence, forwards capable of developing a better technical-tactical

intelligence are variables that are managed, Therefore, the objective of the research was:

to elaborate exercises that contribute to improve the conduction in field hockey in players

of the 13-15 year-old category. A representative sample was used according to the

number of players in the category and their functions within the playing field. To carry

out the study, different scientific research methods were used, among which are:

documentary analysis, observation and in the processing of the information, descriptive

statistics were used, verifying through the evaluation offered by the users that the

proposal can contribute. to the elevation of the results that the team reaches during the

next school games.

Keywords: Exercises; driving, Field Hockey.

Introduction

Field Hockey is a sport that is characterized by continuous changes of direction, braking

and acceleration. For this reason, the work on coordinative capacities is important in the

early stages of training. The use of coordination circuits in this sport and the work on

running technique contribute to generating players with better abilities.

To this is added that the race is performed with an implement (cane) in one or both hands,

which makes the work of coordinating hand and foot dissociation more relevant.

Consequently, you will need to be present at each of the sessions in the early stages of

familiarization with Field Hockey.

Related to the above, Tamayo (2019) states that athletes who practice this sport need a

constant capacity for adaptation and motor readaptation, not only depending on motor

learning, but also on the ability to control movement.

This author himself points out that the optimal adaptation to situation changes is only

possible if there are different motor experiences, whose adaptation process must be under

sufficiently precise motor control to satisfy the motor needs of the new situation.

The authors García (2016) and Salazar (2015) refer that child and youth training should

not be a reduced adult training, because the athlete is still growing; A large number of

physical, mental and psychosocial changes derive from this circumstance, and a series of

developmental particularities with the corresponding consequences for child and youth

training, which are related to the individual rhythms of their physical development, the

levels of its biological maturation and the achievements of its motor potential.

For sports teaching at these ages, both the motor and cognitive development stages in

which the athlete is found must be taken into account (since at these ages there may even

be large variations between one group and another of practically the same age) to achieve

as complete an adaptation as possible to the program and acceptable results.

Similarly, Naranjo (2018) proposes that their level of knowledge should be taken into

account and taken as a reference, in order to carry out an intervention according to their

psychophysical characteristics and the educational objectives that have been previously

raised, to reach their goal. playful and competitive development, respecting the

pedagogical and sporting level in which the athletes are.

Other authors such as Tamayo and Arboleda (2020); Amorós et al. (2013) and Holwaya

(2011) agree that technical preparation planning is undoubtedly one of the most important

factors in predicting improvement in player performance, as long as it is carried out taking

into account the internal characteristics and needs or technical and tactical requirements

of the sport in question, to improve the performance of its players.

Driving in field hockey is of the utmost importance to achieve good results and according

to Carrasco (2015) it is the displacement that an athlete makes with the ball, which varies

according to the situation in which he finds himself and adopts different positions taking

the axis as the axis. body of the same, being necessary when there is no support and to

favor the unmarking of a teammate.

Regarding driving, Monroy (2011b) points out that in field hockey its correct learning is

essential, since its mastery allows different technical combinations to be made as a basis

for the strategies and tactics used during competitive play, such as feints, passes, changes

of direction, etc. pace and above all, have control of the ball.

The field hockey players of the 13-15 year-old category of the "Mártires de Barbados"

Comprehensive School of School Sports (EIDE) in Havana, subjects of this investigation,

have gone through the categories that precede them, but there is a reality expressed in the

incorrect posture in terms of the position of the legs and trunk, as well as the head, limiting

peripheral vision during the execution of the movement.

In addition, they have difficulties in gripping the cane and lack of coordination of the

movement due to the pressure of the opponent at the time of driving, either due to a history

of competitive experience or because they are not equipped with tools that allow them to

perform better technically.

In this regard, it was verified that, in the last three seasons, the field hockey coaches who

work with the 13-15 year-old category of the aforementioned school, have been carrying

out technical preparation based on traditional models, based on their experiences.

personal, being the same little motivating, rigid and dogmatic.

In addition, a great predominance of physical preparation was observed based on its

important value for performance; The exercises that are used do not simulate real game

situations, which does not allow for perfecting driving in a real situation and, in turn, does

not promote the creative thinking of the players, considering direct contact with the

environment, discovery, and significant prior knowledge. .

From the foregoing, a contradiction arises between the need for coaches to have exercises

that contribute to improving field hockey leadership in players in the 13-15-year-old

category and the insufficient theoretical, methodological and practical preparation that

guides them. with objectivity the work that the coaches of this sport must carry out to

improve the conduction of players in the 13-15 year-old category.

For the solution of the situation previously raised, the objective of the investigation is

determined: to develop exercises that contribute to perfect the conduction in field hockey

in players of the 13-15 year category.

Through it, it is proposed to improve the knowledge and technical skills that athletes have

acquired in sport, and thereby train a highly competitive athlete oriented towards

comprehensive, permanent and quality training of human talent, which will allow them

to achieve sports goals, with a view to training an athlete who represents Cuban sports in

different regional, national or international activities.

Materials and methods

For the development of this research, theoretical methods were used and as empirical

methods, documentary analysis: to analyze the normative documents of Field Hockey and

the existing guidelines for conducting as a technical element.

Observation: in male athletes aged 13-15 years, with the aim of determining, in tests and

control games carried out, the main deﬁciencies associated with the execution of driving.

Test: with the objective of measuring the abilities of the technical element in the athletes

(three were carried out in two moments).

Comparison: It was used to validate the impact of the proposal applied to athletes, by

making horizontal comparisons of the results obtained in the initial diagnosis and those

obtained after applying the exercises in the corresponding mesocycle.

The statistical mathematical methods, the descriptive analysis that allowed exposing the

proposed design, the stratified sampling with proportional participation considering that

the elements of the population have a known probability of belonging to the sample, the

calculation of the average of the multiple results obtained by elements of the sample,

which allowed their subsequent horizontal comparison and evaluation of the impact.

The foreseen statistical design allows to identify the population to which this research is

directed. For this purpose, a stratified sample with proportional participation of 1 in 2 is

determined, resulting in a random sampling of 9 athletes representing 50 percent of the

population, characterized according to their roles as follows: defenders four; midfielders

three and strikers two.

The evaluation of the results was carried out in two moments of measurement on the same

group of elements determined as a sample, to which horizontal comparisons were made

that allowed contrasting the results obtained in the diagnosis and those derived from the

application of the research proposal. , two discrete random variables were identified

whose level of measurement is nominal: execution time of the 20 m driving (flat, with

obstacles, with an opponent) and quality of the execution of the 20 m driving (flat, with

obstacles, with opponent).

For the measurement of the first variable, the Scale of the Central State Institute of

Physical Culture of Moscow (IECCFM) was used; designing evaluative norms as a

parametric statistical technique, one for the test developed in the 20 m flat and the other

for the two tests that are developed with static (6 cones) and dynamic (opponent)

obstacles.

For the measurement of the second, the observation method was used based on the

technical characteristics of the element and the experience of the researchers, designing a

third norm for its evaluation, taking into account the technical errors that could be

manifested during the execution of the technical element.

The 20 m flat driving test and the 20 m driving test with six obstacles, described for the

category in the Comprehensive Athlete Preparation Program, were used as tools, to which

a third test was added as an interest in the investigation and with the objective of measure

the skills of the technical element in front of an opponent (driving 20 m with an opponent).

Using for its measurement what is described in the statistical design proposed during the

introduction of this research.

It means that the test "Driving 20 m with an opponent" was designed as part of this

research based on the need to evaluate the response of athletes during the execution of

the technical element in situations similar to those that occur in the competitive

environment. This test, like the previous ones, was evaluated in terms of time and quality

of execution, despite not being recognized in the revised Comprehensive Athlete

Preparation Plans (PIPD).

The tests were applied individually to each athlete, for which the 20 m to be covered were

marked on the ground and, according to the situations that were required, the environment

was modified, namely:

•

Driving 20 m flat: The delimited distance is covered (2 times) where the execution time

was taken and from the observation guide designed, notes were taken of the technical

errors that the athletes presented.

•

Driving 20 m with obstacles: The defined distance is covered (2 times), where 6 cones

are located separated by 3 m between them and 1 m between the start and the first cone,

and 1 m between the last cone and the end, Likewise, the execution time was taken and

from the observation guide designed, notes were taken of the technical errors that the

athletes presented.

•

Driving 20 m with an opponent: The defined distance is covered (2 times), where the

athlete faces an opponent who will actively try to take the ball from him during the course,

the execution time was also taken and based on the observation guide designed notes were

taken of the technical errors presented by the athletes.

Results and Discussion

Documentary analysis

The documentary analysis carried out on the PIPDs showed that many modifications and

transformations are described, but the difficulty continues in relation to technical

preparation, since no structured observation guides are located that contribute

significantly to the evaluation of the execution of the basic elements of the sport at

different levels.

They do not methodologically describe the good practices for teaching, improvement and

consolidation of the different technical elements and specifically for the 13-15 year-old

category, the execution of exercises of a passive nature that do not reproduce the real

situations that manifest themselves in the games are described. competitive.

Pedagogical controls are established among which is described as an activity to carry out

driving in 20 meters, defining the parameters to be evaluated according to the execution

time and the sex of the athlete, and without taking into account the quality of the execution

of the technical element.

The quantitative and qualitative results taking into account the execution time (Table

No.1) obtained in the diagnosis show that the predominant evaluations are regular and

insufficient, the most negative being those obtained during the 20 m driving test with an

opponent, where results of "insufficient" and "very bad" were achieved, which is in

correspondence with the fact that to date it is not a test that is carried out as part of the

athlete's evaluation, but was included in the diagnosis made with the objective of

evaluating the impact of the research proposal on the execution of the technical element

by male athletes ages 13-15 years.

Table No.1 Results of the diagnosis according to the execution time of the 20 m driving (flat, with

obstacles and with an opponent)

RESULTS OF THE DIAGNOSIS ACCORDING TO THE TIME OF EXECUTION OF THE 20m DRIVE (FLATS, WITH OBSTACLES AND WITH OPPONENTS

POINTS (P) ACCORDING TO THE IECCFM

Sample

DRIVING (20m) EXPRESSED IN TIME

EVALUATION

SCALE

W/

OBSTACLES

W/

OBSTACLES

W/

OBSTACLES

Athletes BLUEPRINTS

W/OPPONENT BLUEPRINTS

W/OPPONENT

7

8

7

8

7

.54

.53

.25

.30

.45

.05

.08

.39

.25

10.06

12.05

11.23

12.20

13.10

14.00

13.01

12.41

12.39

14.26

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

67.94

67.62

90.48

60.32

65.08

84.13

85.08

63.17

58.73

52.62

53.79

57.28

70.87

100.00

76.31

56.50

72.43

90.29

91.26

75.34

Regular

Very bad

Insufficient

10.12

10.30

11.00

12.50

11.28

10.26

11.08

12.00

94.17

Insufficient

Regular

Insufficient

Very bad

111.65

129.13

109.90

98.25

Very bad

Regular

Insufficient Insufficient

Insufficient

Regular

Good

Regular

Insufficient

Very bad

97.86

134.17

Insufficient

Source: self made

During the initial diagnosis, the quality of the execution of the technical element was

evaluated (Table No.2) from the application of the observation guide, technical errors that

affect its correct execution were observed, identifying a greater presence of them during

the Carrying out the 20 m driving with obstacles and with an opponent.

Fundamentally incorrect posture in terms of the position of the legs and trunk; incorrect

grip on the cane; take off the ball from the stick while driving with obstacles and in front

of the opponent; the lack of coordination of the movement before the pressure of the

opponent; incorrect head position limiting peripheral vision during execution.

Tabla No.2 Resultados del diagnóstico atendiendo a la calidad de la ejecución de la conducción 20 m

(planos, con obstáculos y con oponente)

EVALUATION OF THE VARIABLE DIAGNOSIS "QUALITY OF THE EXECUTION OF THE TECHNICAL

ELEMENT OF 20m DRIVING"

Sample

EVALUATION SUMMARY

QUALITATIVE

ASSESSMENT

FINAL AVERAGE

Athletes BLUEPRINTS

W/ OBSTACLES

1.67

W/OPPONENT

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

2.33

2.17

2.33

2.17

2.67

2.00

2.67

1.83

1.17

1.83

1.17

1.50

1.83

1.50

1.00

2.33

1.94

1.56

1.78

1.72

1.89

2.06

1.50

2.44

Regular

Good

1.33

1.67

1.33

1.67

2.00

1.50

2.33

Regular

Good

The research proposed by Timmerman, (2019), Tchou, (2019) and Brocken (2020) is used

as a basis for the research proposal, which refer to good practices as teaching and learning

methods at school ages that can be applied to invasion sports such as Field Hockey to

achieve a greater influence of the activities and tasks to be carried out during training

sessions such as:

•

The method of games in reduced spaces

The use of modified games where the playing area, rules, and equipment are tampered

with.

•

Inclusion of exercises that promote movement variability, which favors the athlete's

thinking in the search for movement solutions that satisfy the ever-changing interaction

of the limitations proposed during training.

•

Combine different elements within the training so that the activities are new and fun,

promoting interest in Field Hockey in children of different ages.

Always take into account the various psychological and physiological factors such as

•

levels of maturation, physical aptitudes and the ability to understand the technical nature

of the sport.

As possible methods to integrate with those established in the PIPD, this research assumes

games in reduced spaces and the manipulation of areas, rules and equipment (Figure

No.1). These, together with attention to the particularities of each athlete and the inclusion

of motivating elements, resulted in exercises that contribute to perfect driving and will

enable coaches who work with the 13-15 year old category to have a methodological tool

that allows the improvement of offensive technical skills.

The proposed exercises have an objective aimed at perfecting driving; describes

recommendations for its implementation where the aspects to be taken into account in the

training sessions are exposed, among which are the observance of the morphofunctional

and psychological characteristics of each of the athletes in order to guarantee the optimal

incidence for the achievement of the goal. objective, and the planning of the observation

of the key elements of each proposed task, it also has exercises that are exemplified from

its detailed description and its graphic representation, including the form of

implementation.

Examples of the proposed exercises

. Exercises to promote coordination between muscle planes and variability of

1

movement.

Exercise No.1

Number of players: 1 player.

Objectives: Improve foot coordination through the execution of simple exercises. Work

the speed of execution of the supports. Develop hand-eye coordination through ball

control techniques.

Materials: Coordination ladder (if you don't have it, you can also assemble it with cones).

Developing:

Front dribbling + front supports

Lateral dribbling + side steps

Ball area + inside - outside

The key is to perform faster and with more control of the supports.

Graphic Representation Exercise No 1

Exercise No.2

Number of players: 3 players minimum

Objectives: Work on foot coordination in movements with a combination of supports.

Improve driving techniques and pass with previous fatigue. Develop aerobic resistance

through coordination exercises.

Materials: Coordination ladder, cones and hurdles

Procedure: In both circuits, the player with the ball starts at the same time as the player

who does the coordination work. Finally, after finishing the technical part, the player

passes the ball to the next teammate and returns to the coordination line.

The work will be cyclical and can last between 3-5 minutes. Likewise, we can do it by

series and vary from one row to another.

Graphic Representation Exercise No.2

2

. Games in confined spaces and with modifications to the playing area, rules and

equipment.

Exercise No.1

Number of players: 4-5 players minimum

Objectives: Improve reception and escape into space. Work on driving speed and passing

in the race. Develop speed and changes of direction without the ball.

Materials: 4 cones. If possible 2 cones or large pikes.

Development: For this passing game, a line of cones is placed in the central area between

two facing rows. On each side of that line of cones there are two goals through which the

player with the ball will pass.

The game begins with a player driving the ball at speed through the right goal, passing

through it to the first player in the opposite row. He escapes driving towards the right

goal, preventing the player who gave him the pass from ending up touching him from

behind. The passing player will run to the front of the line and change direction to go and

catch the player with the ball.

Exercise No.2

Number of players: 2 goalkeepers and 4-5 trios

Objectives: Develop an attack structure in offensive superiority. Improve decision

making with the ball in pressure situations

Materials: Cones to delimit the field and tapes to mark the opposite area.

Development: A field is designed with a width equal to the width of the area. The length

will be 30 meters, this will allow the edge of the other area to be the 22m line. The balls

will be located in the right corner of the two backgrounds. A goalkeeper in each goal.

Behind each background there will be a trio ready to play. Inside the field there is a trio

with a ball and two defenders from the opposing trio. The player of this trio who does not

defend prepares to play with a ball from the right corner.

•

The rotation in the game is: defend-attack-rest.

If the defending team recovers the ball, they will throw it out and start with the corner

player's ball.

The attacking team rests behind the goal towards which it attacked.

•

They were applied during the planned training in an introductory mesocycle, a moment

that was used to carry out the tests that allowed, initially to diagnose and at the end of the

mesocycle to evaluate and validate the exercises to improve the conduction in Field

Hockey 13-15 years.

For its evaluation, tools designed for this purpose were used, such as: the evaluative

norms for each of the pedagogical tests that take into account the time and quality of the

execution, as well as the calculation bases with incorporated formulas (Microsoft Excel)

that partly automate the process of calculation and analysis of the results.

As a last component, the feedback was incorporated, which is the moment of analysis that

the coach must carry out based on the results obtained in the measurements, where he will

evaluate the feasibility of the applied procedures or, failing that, adjust them to the new

identified particularities, the latter allows that the proposed exercises are adjustable to the

needs that may be manifested.

Impact of the proposed exercises

After its application in the introductory mesocycle, a second test was carried out, which

meets the standardization requirements with the set of rules and measurements

established from the first diagnostic test, which allow the test to be carried out in the same

way at a second time; reliability, when the test is applied to the same sample under the

same conditions (field, sample, implements, timer, support coach); Validity is guaranteed

by horizontal comparison (empirical criteria) of the quantitative aspects of the result

obtained in the two tests applied and finally, the evaluative standards are the same as

those used in the first test, obtaining the following results (Table No. 3 and Table No.4)

Table No.3 Results of the execution time of the 20m driving (flat, with obstacles and with

an opponent) during the diagnosis and validation of the proposal

RESULTS ACCORDING TO THE TIME OF EXECUTION OF THE 20m DRIVE (FLATS, WITH OBSTACLES AND WITH OPPONENTS

POINTS (P) ACCORDING TO THE IECCFM

Sample

DRIVING (20m) EXPRESSED IN TIME

EVALUACIÓN

SCALE

W/

OBSTACLES

W/

OBSTACLES

W/

OBSTACLES

Athletes BLUEPRINTS

W/OPPONENT BLUEPRINTS

W/OPPONENT

7

8

7

8

7

.26

.35

.15

.25

.39

.58

.00

.28

.20

9.58

12.03

11.20

12.05

12.56

13.10

12.52

12.31

12.04

12.55

59.05

61.90

87.30

58.73

63.17

69.21

82.54

59.68

57.14

43.30

52.43

56.12

62.14

93.40

73.20

51.46

60.78

76.70

90.87

74.76

Good

Regular

Insufficient

Good

Regular

Insufficient

Regular

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10.05

10.24

10.55

12.16

11.12

10.00

10.48

11.30

91.26

Regular

Insufficient

Very bad

101.17

111.65

100.39

96.31

Regular

Very bad

Regular

Insufficient

Good

Insufficient

Regular

Insufficient

Very bad

91.07

Regular

100.97

Good

Insufficient

Source: self made

It is observed that qualitatively there was improvement, although not significant, in terms

of execution time, this result was motivated because the athletes during the tests focused

on achieving a better execution of the technical element, beyond how fast they could

cover the expected distance; which, in the opinion of the researchers, is a positive aspect,

which shows the awareness of the movement, the interest and motivation of the athletes

to do it correctly; aspects considered essential for their evolution towards the optimization

of movement.

Table No.4 Results of the quality of the execution of the 20m driving (flat, with obstacles

and with an opponent) during the diagnosis and validation of the proposal

EVALUATION OF THE VARIABLE VALIDATION "QUALITY OF THE EXECUTION OF THE

TECHNICAL ELEMENT OF DRIVING IN 20m"

Sample

EVALUATION SUMMARY

QUALITATIVE

ASSESSMENT

FINAL AVERAGE

Athletes BLUEPRINTS

W/ OBSTACLES

2.50

W/OPPONENT

1

2

3

4

2.83

2.67

2.83

2.00

2.33

2.17

2.33

2.44

2.50

2.56

Good

2.33

2.50

5

6

7

8

9

2.83

3.00

2.67

3.00

2.33

2.83

2.50

2.83

2.50

2.33

2.83

2.56

2.78

2.50

2.89

Good

Source: self made

After the horizontal comparison of both results, an improvement in the quality of the

technical execution is evident (Table No.5) and a decrease in the execution times of the

tests. (Table No.6) and (Graphs Nos. 1, 2 and 3)

Table No.5 Comparison of the results of the quality of the execution of the 20m driving (flat, with

obstacles and with an opponent) during the diagnosis and validation of the proposal

AVERAGE ASSESSMENT

ANALYSIS

Athletes

VALIDATION OF THE

HORIZONTAL

COMPARISON

DIAGNOSIS

IMPACT

PROPOSAL

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1.94

1.56

1.78

1.72

1.89

2.06

1.50

2.44

2.50

2.56

2.78

2.50

2.89

0.50

0.89

0.72

0.83

0.67

0.72

1.00

0.44

Positive incidence of the proposal

Source: self made

Table No.6 Comparison of the results of the execution time of the 20m driving (flat, with obstacles and

with an opponent) during the diagnosis and validation of the proposal

EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS

DIAGNOSIS

VALIDATION OF THE PROPOSAL

Sample

HORIZONTAL COMPARISON

EVALUATION BY POINTS

EVALUATION BY POINTS (P)

ACCORDING TO THE IECCFM SCALE ACCORDING TO THE IECCFM SCALE

W/

OBSTACLES

W/

OBSTACLES

W/

OBSTACLES

Athletes BLUEPRINTS

W/OPPONENT BLUEPRINTS

W/OPPONENT

A

67.94

52.62

91.26

59.05

43.30

90.87

-8.89

-9.32

-0.39

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

67.62

90.48

60.32

65.08

84.13

85.08

63.17

58.73

53.79

57.28

70.87

100.00

76.31

56.50

72.43

90.29

75.34

94.17

111.65

129.13

109.90

98.25

61.90

87.30

58.73

63.17

69.21

82.54

59.68

57.14

52.43

56.12

62.14

93.40

73.20

51.46

60.78

76.70

74.76

91.26

101.17

111.65

100.39

96.31

-5.71

-3.17

-1.59

-1.90

-14.92

-2.54

-3.49

-1.59

-1.36

-1.17

-8.74

-6.60

-3.11

-5.05

-11.65

-13.59

-0.58

-2.91

-10.49

-17.48

-9.51

-1.94

-6.80

97.86

91.07

134.17

100.97

-33.20

Source: self made

Graph No.1 Comparison of the results of the quality of the execution of the 20m flat ride, with during the

diagnosis and validation of the proposal

Comparative graph Test Driving 20m flat

1

00,00

8

6

4

2

0,00

0

,00

BLUEPRINTS

-

20,00

40,00

BLUEPRINTS

-

A B C D E

F G H I

Graph No.2 Comparison of the results of the quality of the execution of the 20m driving with obstacles,

with during the diagnosis and validation of the proposals

Comparative graph Test Driving 20m with obstacles

1

20,00

00,00

1

8

6

4

2

0,00

0

,00

W/ OBSTACLES

-20,00

W/ OBSTACLES

A B C D E

F G H I

Graph No.3 Comparison of the results of the quality of the execution of the 20m drive with an opponent,

with during the diagnosis and validation of the proposal

1

60,00

40,00

20,00

00,00

Comparative graph Test Driving 20m with opponent

8

6

4

2

0,00

0

,00

W/OPPONENT

-20,00

-40,00

-60,00

W/OPPONENT

A B C D E

F G H I

These results allowed us to validate that the proposed exercises have a positive impact on

the gradual and incremental improvement of athletes aged 13-15 years from the EIDE

"Mártires de Barbado" field hockey team in Havana and require the individual and

constant analysis of the particularities of each athlete by the coaches to achieve a better

impact on them.

conclusions

It is verified that the proposed exercises integrate the solution to the existing needs in the

field hockey sports training process with the interests of the sports coaches at the EIDE

"Mártires de Barbados" in Havana.

By constituting a methodological tool, it can be used by sports coaches at school ages to

improve driving as an offensive technical element of the sport, on which there is no

reference in the governing documents of sports training (PIPD) of Field Hockey, nor

studies. similar that could precede it.

It is applicable to the training that is carried out today, since it provides actions and aspects

necessary for its implementation, which with a systemic nature allow its implementation

in the training and competition processes, without requiring other resources than the

sports equipment necessary for the training. practice of sport; being possible its

generalization to the school categories.

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