Item Type:
Original Item
Received: 06/09/2021
Accepted : 18/11/2021
Theoretical training condition in youth weighlifters
Abstract
Given the need
for the subjects to actively and consciously participate in the Weightlifting
training units, and given the relationship between theoretical preparation and
such a pedagogical principle, theoretical deficiencies are detected in the
athletes of the Weightlifting team. Weights (juvenile category) of the
Comprehensive School of School Sports of Villa Clara, who were preparing for
the 2019-2020 macrocycle. The objective of the work was: to propose a set of
theoretical contents related to the technical actions of the Olympic clean and
jerk that allow the active and conscious participation of youth weightlifters
from Villa Clara in the training activity. Observation methods, theoretical
tests, experiment and expert criteria were used. The proposed contents were
applied experimentally during two mesocycles of special preparation, under
conditions and methodological guidelines for active and conscious participation
in the different training sessions. Finally, the improvement of knowledge and
active and conscious participation is verified through the final theoretical
test, evidenced by observation by five member coaches of the Provincial
Commission of this sport.
Keywords: theoretical
preparation, Olympic clean and jerk, youth weightlifters.
Introduction
Despite the
conception and generalization of the components that make up the preparation of
high performance athletes: physical, technical, tactical, psychological and
theoretical preparation; and the interrelation between them, scientific
research in the sports field has devoted the least efforts to theoretical
aspects, an affirmation that is assumed to correspond to the criteria of
scholars on the subject, Sainz (2003), Hernández, Fernández and Pérez (2013).
), who concluded that theoretical preparation has been the least treated
component in modernity.
The prominent
Cuban professors of Baseball and Fencing Bugallo, Terry and Polo (2016), stated
that:
In current
times, many coaches do not pay due attention to the role that theoretical
preparation plays for the development of their athletes, as well as for the
achievement of high performance. By underestimating its importance, they cause
a state of misinformation that greatly harms the attitudes that athletes adopt
in the face of daily effort and, to a great extent, delays the learning process
and motor improvement. (p.18).
Domínguez and
Llanos, cited by Joseph and Isalgué (2018) highlight its poverty not only in
Volleyball, but also in all sports. Criteria of Rivera, Zamora and Dopico
(2019), indicate that the theoretical preparation is the least worked
component. In addition, López, Salt and González, (2019) state that coaches
within the process of developing sports activity do not pay due attention to
the role played by theoretical preparation for the progress and results of
their athletes.
In the sport of
Weightlifting, in its Program for the Comprehensive Preparation of the Athlete
(PIPD) for the 2016/2020 cycle, by the authors Cuervo et al, (2016) the
theoretical or intellectual preparation is identified as part of the
preparation of the athlete aimed at understanding the activity itself, the
phenomena directly related to it and the development of the intellectual
faculties necessary to achieve sports results and expresses its relationship
with the other components of the preparation. It is expressed in said program
that the contents of the theoretical preparation by categories must be in
correspondence with the possibilities of assimilation and the educational level
that must correspond to those ages.
Of the contents
of the theoretical preparation program for weightlifters in the 17-20 year old
category (according to the comprehensive preparation program), technical
elements such as: elementary biomechanical and physiological bases are
specified with more direct relationships to their technical preparation and
hygienic aspects. , postures, muscles involved, application of exercises and
safety measures in class.
In explorations
carried out on the weightlifting team of the youth category (17-20 years) of
the Comprehensive School of School Sports (EIDE) of the province of Villa
Clara, Cuba, it was detected through observation, theoretical deficiencies in
the weightlifters of this category that limits their conscious participation in
training, they cannot express the causes that cause their technical errors and
present limitations to explain various actions and operations derived from the
training activity.
By reviewing
the classics of Sports Training Theory and Methodology such as Matveev (1983);
Harre (1988) and Ozolin (1989), the great importance they attribute to the
theoretical component within sports preparation can be specified, and they base
it on the need to assimilate unavoidable knowledge for the selected activity
with its association with education and training, aspects that allow assuming
from its conception, that the theoretical preparation allows to consciously
execute the technique of the exercises and is interrelated with the rest of its
components of the preparation.
In other
studies the authors Ozolin (1989); Saínz (2010) and Díaz (2021) affirm that
theoretical preparation constitutes the fundamental aspect of the practical
realization of the principle of consciousness. In this sense, for the training
unit to achieve the conscious and leading participation of the athlete, it is
necessary that in addition to the conditions for training and the motivations
for wanting to participate, the basic knowledge that allows them to participate
is possessed.
Bugallo, Terry
and Polo, (2016), state that:
Every action
that the human being carries out consciously must have a guiding base that
serves as a guideline, and it is precisely through theoretical preparation that
we achieve that athletes, on the one hand, understand the essence of the type
of effort that they are required to appropriate the most efficient form of
carrying out the action and on the other, understand the nature of the process
of its formation and the phenomena that affect it. (p.112)
When learning
or perfecting the techniques of the different exercises is needed in the
training session, there must be corresponding elementary knowledge that at
least allows the athlete to specify why to develop different actions and
operations within the activity.
Taking into
consideration the antecedents and reflections previously exposed in the
theoretical order, as well as the results obtained from the diagnosis carried
out, in which the deficiencies in the theoretical preparation of the youth
weightlifters of Villa Clara in the execution of the Olympic clean and jerk
exercise are evidenced, was set as a goal:
Propose a set
of theoretical contents related to the technical actions of the Olympic clean
and jerk that allow the active and conscious participation of youth
weightlifters from Villa Clara in the training activity.
This research
means a great contribution to the sport of Weightlifting by providing the
possibility for athletes to achieve greater active and conscious participation
in the training activity and to be at the center of the educational process.
Materials and methods
To complete the
proposed objective, the dialectical materialist method is applied as a general
method of science and the methods of the theoretical level are used:
historical-logical, analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive analysis and
document analysis. From the empirical level, observation, theoretical tests,
experiment and expert criteria were used.
Four were intentionally selected from the
population of the six weightlifters that make up the Youth category team that
were trained at the "Héctor Ruíz" provincial EIDE in Villa Clara,
during the 2019-2020 macrocycle. The intention of the sample is justified in
that they represent the athletes of immediate perspective within the team.
The second
sample corresponded to five trainers, with 20 years of average experience and
members of the Provincial Weightlifting Technical Commission. They made the
observations, elaborated the theoretical tests and applied the content proposal
experimentally.
The third
sample corresponded to 22 experts duly selected through the coefficient of
expertise based on the source of argumentation and their self-assessment, who
evaluated the proposal. For the evaluation of the proposal, an index by aspects
and an index by experts were determined.
The observation
was a method through which it was possible to verify the behavior of the active
and conscious participation of the athletes studied related to the theoretical
foundations of the Olympic clean and jerk exercise within the training
activity.
The theoretical
tests allowed to evaluate the knowledge related to the actions and technical
operations of the Olympic clean and jerk exercises within the training unit.
Their evaluations are carried out in the following way:
Null: When it
is observed in the results that the athletes are not able to answer any of the
questions asked
Poor: When it
is observed in the results that the athletes answer 2 to 3 of the questions
asked
Null-poor: when
the results match 1 or 2 of the questions asked
Regular: When
the collected results present a coincidence between 5 and 6 of the questions
asked
Adequate: when
the compiled results show agreement on all questions
Regular-
Adequate: when of the questions asked you fail to answer 2 questions
Results and Discussion
In the
observation carried out initially during five units of daily training, it was
possible to verify the poor participation of the athletes related to technical
actions, they were not able to identify their own technical deficiencies, as
well as their causes and consequences.
The evaluation
of the first theoretical test (Table No. 1) by means of the designed key,
allowed verifying the following theoretical deficiencies:
ü
Explanation of actions and
operations during the execution of the Olympic clean and jerk technique and its
special exercises.
ü
Only one of the athletes recognizes that for
the slide in the clean and jerk from the chest, the displacement of the feet is
diagonal and that the push is made straight vertically.
ü
None of the four weightlifters
recognizes that, during the semiflexion for the serve, the weight (athlete and
jimmy) falls on the heels.
Table No. 1 Initial results of
the evaluation of the first theoretical test to the training units.
|
subjects |
Initially observed training units and their results |
|||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
summary |
|
|
1 |
Nil |
Nil |
Nil |
Nil |
Poor |
Nil-poor |
|
2 |
Nil |
Nil |
Poor |
Nil |
poor |
Nil-poor |
|
3 |
Nil |
Nil |
Poor |
Nil |
Nil |
Nil-poor |
|
4 |
Nil |
Poor |
Nil |
Poor |
Nil |
Nil-poor |
|
summary |
Nula |
Nil-poor |
Nil-poor |
Nil-poor |
Nil-poor |
Nil-poor |
These
shortcomings make it impossible for them to interpret the result of the actions
and operations carried out in daily training, so their participation cannot be
active or conscious, the technical action is executed without having knowledge
of the logical trajectory of the jemmy, nor the mistakes made and their
possible causes and effects.
In relation to
the support of the feet in the initial positions of both parts of the exercise
studied, only two weightlifters do not consider that, in the support for the
clin, the feet should be placed hip-width apart. However, they answer that for
the clean and jerk, from the chest, the feet are placed in relation to the
hips.
The most
appropriate result will depend on the initial position for each action; when
such a reason is not clear, it will not be possible to understand that this
guarantees the transmission of the force generated in the support by the
kinematic chain until the final impulse of the clin and the serve for the clean
and jerk from the chest.
In relation to
the identification of the muscles of greater work for the realization of the
clin, they show a general ignorance. This can have as consequences the
incorrect use of the muscular planes that intervene in the different phases
that make up the exercise and, in turn, errors in the technical execution)
No subject
identifies the trajectories of the bar in the classic Olympic clean and jerk
exercise and the errors that occur. Lacking this knowledge, it is impossible to
explain or assess the errors that may occur during the execution of the
different actions.
Another content
lacking in the subjects was the ordering of the technical phases of the clin,
in which none identified them; This situation, in addition to limiting
communication between the coach and the athletes, makes it impossible to
analyze their execution.
The theoretical
content proposal was applied experimentally during two special preparation
mesocycles corresponding to the second macrocycle of the general plan for the
2019-2020 academic year. Each mesocycle structured in four microcycles and five
daily workouts allocated a general volume for the clean and jerk exercises of
23% and 25% for the mesocycles, respectively.
The first
microcycle corresponded to the diagnostic stage, the initial theoretical test
and observation were applied to evaluate the participation of the subjects. The
eighth microcycle was used to carry out the second theoretical test and final
observation.
The theoretical
contents related to technical actions of the Olympic Clean and Jerk and applied
during the seven microcycles are:
ü Muscular work to perform the Olympic clean and jerk (participation of the different muscular planes in the kinematic chain, priority of leg work).
ü Trajectory of the bar during the clin and clean and jerk from the chest (correct trajectory in correspondence with the technical phases of the clin and jerk from the chest).
ü Postures during the actions, periods and phases of the clin and jerk from the chest
ü Technical phases of the clin and jerk.
ü Biomechanical structures of the Olympic Jerk (dynamic, rhythmic and kinematic structure).
ü Attentional and volitional qualities: concentration of attention, self-control.
ü Motor skills. (strength: types, explosive force. Speed: types, speed of action.
ü Joint mobility: elbows, wrists, shoulders, coxofemoral and ankles. Relationship with the results of classical exercises.
ü Weightlifter biotype: weight-height ratio, hand size, Cormic index, wrist circumference. Relationship with sports results.
For the application of such contents, conditions of active and conscious participation were created in the different training sessions during the actions corresponding to the clean and jerk exercises. Among other guidelines, the following were established:
ü
The training units maintained a
methodological character for the clean and jerk exercises.
ü
They shared in depth the
objectives of the training units, with details on the clean and jerk exercises.
ü
Explanation of why the clean and
jerk exercises selected.
ü
The different theoretical
contents were inserted into the training activity itself.
ü
Explanation and intentional
demonstrations with the contents to be developed.
ü
Observations between the subjects
in the performance of exercises.
ü
Creation of hypothetical
situations in correspondence with the errors detected during the actions and
operations.
ü
Independent tasks related to the
conceived theoretical contents were oriented.
The survey made
to the experts allowed to corroborate the coincidence of criteria in 100% that
the designed activities are highly necessary; furthermore, 95% consider that this
proposal is very useful and that it has potential for generalization; 98%
believe that through it the athletes are prepared so that they can have an
active and conscious participation during the training activity.
The criteria
expressed by the experts show the social usefulness and the formal quality of
the proposed activities, since the aspects evaluated gave the highest value to
the methodological unit, in which of the 22 experts they valued it with the
maximum points (5 points .). There was a high coincidence in the results,
supported by Kendall's concordance coefficient (0.88264463), significant, for a
level of 0.001, in which the points awarded are between 4 and 5.
After the
application of the theoretical contents during seven microcycles, the second
theoretical test was applied with the characteristics already described to
verify the effect of the theoretical preparation process applied, in addition,
the second observation was repeated during the last five training sessions of
the last microcycle. to evaluate the participation of the selected subjects.
The evaluation
of the second theoretical test (Table No. 2) showed that the knowledge related
to the contents studied, made possible an adequate theoretical preparation that
allowed the interpretation and assessment of the situations that may arise in
the actions and operations of the clean and jerk exercises.
Table No. 2 Results of the
evaluation of the second theoretical test to the training units.
|
subjects |
Training units observed at the end of the experiment |
|||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
Summary |
|
|
1 |
Regular |
adequate |
Regular |
adequate |
adequate |
Regular- adequate |
|
2 |
Regular |
adequate |
adequate |
adequate |
adequate |
Regular- adequate |
|
3 |
adequate |
adequate |
adequate |
adequate |
adequate |
adequate |
|
4 |
adequate |
Regular |
adequate |
adequate |
adequate |
Regular- adequate |
|
Summary |
Regular-adecuado |
Regular-adecuado |
Regular-adecuado |
Adecuado |
Adecuado |
Regular- adequate |
In the answers
to question No.1, the four subjects adequately interpret the situation
(Posture: trunk straight, looking straight ahead, bar resting on the shoulders,
the weight of the body falls on the metatarsus, the feet more open than the
hips ), express positive criteria in the consequences related to the operations
during the clean and jerk from the chest.
In this sense,
they declare the impossibility of taking advantage of the strength of the legs
given the initial position adopted, the tendency to push forward and not
vertically. Two of the subjects reported impossibility of transmission of force
throughout the kinematic chain, caused by the support with feet more open than
normal.
Related to the
second situation raised, the four subjects identify the consequences of an
exaggerated semi-flexion of the legs with an inclination of the trunk forward
for the serve, the arms guide the bar back, slip with the legs in line and with
exaggerated displacement of the posterior leg: possible consequences are identified
as they relate to:
ü
Limitations to take advantage of
the forces of the legs.
ü
The thrust does not occur
vertically.
ü
Weight fixation problems.
ü
Imbalances during the displacement by the feet
in line.
ü
The work of the arms is
incorrect.
ü
The weight of the body does not
fall on the heels.
The measures
proposed in correspondence with the situations identified by the four subjects
correspond to:
ü
Adopt a correct starting position
with a straight trunk.
ü
Slight semi-flexion of the legs
at the knee joint to perform the serve.
ü
Performing the slide with feet
diagonally.
ü
Displacement of the legs at
similar distances in relation to the support.
For problem No.
3 of the theoretical test, he demonstrated the knowledge of the relationship of
the results of squatting from behind with the clean and jerk. All are able to
perform the calculation based on their individual results and the
identification of technical deficiencies.
In situation
No. 4 of the test, the subjects correctly identify the muscles that predominate
during the performance of the halon de clin. It stands out for most of the
subjects, the work of the quadriceps and calves.
The
interpretations according to situation No. 5 of the theoretical test, although
they presented some difficulties, two of the subjects adequately specify the
trajectory of the bar during the clin when anticipating the work of the trunk
and two trace the trajectory during the slide in a correct way. correct with
forward shift.
In situation
No.5 itself, regarding the clean and jerk from the chest, three of the subjects
identified a correct path of the jimmy when the supposed inclination of the
trunk backwards occurs during the semi-flexion for the serve with forward
thrust.
The result of
the second theoretical test, despite the rigor with which it was applied,
showed positive results, which, when compared with the first test, shows that
in the four subjects investigated an improvement in their theoretical
preparation is achieved, propitiating in turn, a greater active and conscious
participation during the execution of the technique of the Olympic clean and
jerk exercises during the training activity.
Graph No 1.
Comparison of the results of the theoretical test.
As can be seen
in the graph, there was a considerable increase in the knowledge of the
athletes and a better theoretical preparation to perform in training and
competitions, so that they can obtain good results.
Conclusions
The results of
the initial diagnosis made allow to show the deficiencies in terms of the
theoretical knowledge of the youth athletes of the EIDE of Villa Clara related
to the technique of the Olympic clean and jerk, which prevent them from active
and conscious participation in the training activity.
The theoretical
contents applied in correspondence with the shortcomings presented by the youth
athletes of the EIDE of Villa Clara, favored raising the theoretical
preparation related to the Olympic clean and jerk technique, and greater active
and conscious participation of the subjects in the training activity.
Bibliographic references
Bugallo, Terry
and Polo (2016). Importance of theoretical preparation in sports training
www.efdeportes.com/,Digital Magazine · Year 20 · N° 214 | Buenos Aires, March
2016.
Cuervo, C.
& collective of authors. (2016). Comprehensive Athlete Preparation Program
2016-2021. Cuban Weightlifting Federation.
Diaz, D.
(2021). Characteristics of theoretical preparation in sport. Retrieved from:
https://www.serfitness.net/caracteristicas-de-la-preparacion-teorica-en-el-deporte/
Harre, D (1989)
Sports training theory. City of Havana: Scientific Editorial
Hernandez, L;
Fernandez, A and Perez, M (2013). Study on the historical evolution of the
treatment to the theoretical preparation in sports training. Sports, Digital
Magazine. Buenos Aires, Year 17, No. 177, February 2013.
http://www.efdeportes.com
Joseph
Cisneros, M.D., & Reyes, Y.I. (2018). Technical-tactical actions to enhance
the theoretical preparation in male school athletes of the EIDE of Guantánamo.
Atlante Notebooks of Education and Development, (October).
Lopez, Ch. M;
Salt G.M.J; & Gonzalez, B.M. (2019). The work of the coach for the
theoretical preparation of cyclists/ /THE WORK OF THE COACH FOR THE THEORETICAL
PREPARATION OF CYCLISTS. University & Science, 8, 835-844.
Matveev, L. P.,
& Cherniavski-Bogdan, E. (1983). Fundamentals of sports training. Raduga.
Ozolin, N.G.
(1983). Contemporary sports training system. Scientific-Technical Editorial.
Rivera, Zamora
and Dopico (2019). System of methodological procedures to potentiate the
theoretical preparation in boxing.
Sainz de la Torre, N. (2010). Psychology of
Physical Education and school sports. Havana: Sports.