Item Type: Original Item
Received: 14/07/2021
Accepted: 06/09/2021
Manual of
exercises with weights for the preparation of the force in players of
Basketball of the school category
Abstract
This research
addresses a topic of great relevance related to the planning of supplements and
exercises with overload in the process of preparing strength in contemporary
training in Basketball, after an analysis it is considered as an objective: to
design a manual of exercises with weights. for the preparation of strength in
basketball players. The research population is made up of the 4 basketball
teachers of the Comprehensive School of School Sports "Héctor Ruiz"
in the municipality of Santa Clara, Villa Clara. Several methods are applied
for its realization, among them are interviews and surveys as fundamental,
observation, triangulation, the criteria of specialists; the results obtained
reflect correspondence between the objectives of the program and those of the
manual, as well as the assessment of the specialists regarding the structural
and functional elements of the proposed manual. As a fundamental result, the
conception of the proposal has a great practical utility and represents a
methodological contribution to the problem that is addressed, the pedagogical practices
of Basketball teachers are improved, the specialized bibliography is enriched
and the treatment of force is facilitated through the Exercise with weights.
Keywords: Basketball,
training, exercise, weights.
Introduction
Basketball has
always been characterized as a sport open to innovations that improve it as a
game, as a sport and as a show (Sáenz, Ortega and Pons, 2017). It is one of the
most popular sports in the world, therefore, it is inserted in the sports
culture of many countries. It is considered a complex sport, due to a wide
variety of actions that occur dynamically and continuously.
To reach a
level of performance, it is considered appropriate that Basketball players must
be well prepared physically, technically and tactically (Arnal and Galindo,
2020); (From Rose, 2001); (Vázquez and Infante, 2020).
When a game of
this sport is observed, it is not difficult to notice that it requires a great
development of some capacities (Sánchez, 2016); (Vera, 2016); (Suárez, Pérez
and Roque, 2019); (Estrada, Ávila, and Roque, 2019). When an analysis of the
physiological requirements is carried out, and its main physical capacities, it
is found that it is a discipline that integrates all of these, as well as the
different energy systems.
Ochoa (2013)
considers that Basketball requires significant anaerobic energy, which is
directly related to muscle strength, therefore, a stronger muscle can better
respond to challenges without incurring extreme fatigue and without requiring a
long period of rest. Recovery. These criteria illustrate how important and
necessary it is to address this need.
Currently there
are innovative methods that allow the development of functional strength
adapted to the need with optimal results, so in this work the needs of the sports
discipline are integrated to Basketball, with the benefits of functional
training adapted to the specialties of the same . Based on what was observed,
the concern of what would be the ideal way to improve the physical abilities of
the practitioners of the Basketball discipline is raised.
Regarding the
preparation of strength, Román (2005) defines the directions of work for the
development of muscular strength in different sports disciplines, in which he
states that the development of strength must depend on the characteristics of
the sport. In relation to this, it clarifies that the methodology of the
development, conservation and recovery of muscular strength in the process of
physical preparation must be taken into account.
This same
author points out that in the different types of sports, the strength capacity
is manifested, either as strength itself, rapid or explosive strength or as
resistance to strength, hence the methodology in all the stages of strength
preparation performs an important role in the development of the athlete and
this should vary depending on the characteristics of the chosen sport.
These are
aspects that the authors of the research consider should be kept in mind in any
work that is carried out as part of the preparation of strength because it
achieves an increase in the scientificity of this preparation process of any
Basketball team.
Authors such as
Suárez et al. (2019) are of the opinion that strength is a necessary physical
condition to master the specific skills of Basketball; point out that there was
a theory that the basketball player who practiced exercises with weights, his arms,
back and legs would adopt a very tense complexion that would make him lose the
skill and coordination required such as: accelerating, throwing, making changes
of direction and decelerating .
At present,
this is no longer discussed because, over time, scientific and medical research
has shown the opposite, however, in exchanges with managers and sports teachers
in the province of Villa Clara, the analysis of the Comprehensive Program for
the Preparation of the Basketball Athlete, from the training plans of the
teams, it was found that there are few tools that guide them in the work of
exercises with weights linked to sport in an agile, precise way; not only
because of the number of exercises to be used, but also because of the type of
exercise and its relationship with the characteristics of the sport in favor of
the sports result.
These aspects
reveal the existence of the following problem: How to contribute to the
improvement of work with weights as an essential part of the preparation of
strength in Villa Clara Basketball players?
From the above,
the objective of the work is: to design a manual of exercises with weights for
the preparation of strength in Basketball players.
There could be
several ways to solve the problem, but one that the authors consider favorable
due to its practical usefulness and the possibilities it allows for updating,
is to provide an exercise manual to be used by coaches.
Materials and methods
This section
describes the strategy adopted in the design and evaluation of the proposal,
where the following aspects are taken into account:
- Research
stages
- Methodology
adopted
- Information
processing
-
Characterization of the current state of knowledge and treatment of strength in
Basketball players of the school category
Research stages
The methodology
for carrying out the research was in correspondence with the proposed
objectives. This methodology was developed in three dialectically interrelated
stages, and in which the diagnosis of the current state was the starting point.
First stage:
characterization of the current state of knowledge and treatment of strength in
basketball players in the province.
Second stage:
design of the manual of exercises with weights for the preparation of strength
in basketball players of the school category.
Third stage:
assessment of the proposal by the criteria of specialists.
Adopted methodology
Description of
the context where the research is carried out:
The study was
conducted in the sport Basketball. In the first and second stages, to verify
the current state of knowledge and treatment of force in players of this sport
in the school category, a population of four teachers was used; as well as for
the elaboration of the manual, a population of eight teachers was used.
In the third
stage for the evaluation of the proposal, five specialists were selected who
met the following requirements, being a graduate in Physical Culture, being a
basketball or weights teacher for more than eight years, and having extensive
and certified work experience.
Different
methods and/or techniques were used to fulfill the research objectives
depending on the stages. The instruments and techniques of diagnosis and
assessment, as well as the topics of the workshops were conceived from
references of research on the subject internationally and in Cuba.
Documentary
review: it was used with the objective of knowing the information regarding the
demands and methodological orientations of the official documents that temper
the preparation of force. The documents were reviewed by applying the content
analysis technique proposed by Alfonso (2006), which consists of the global
reading of the text, analytical reading and selection of the analysis and
interpretation categories. These categories were: conception of force
preparation; treatment and attention to the subject and procedures that
address.
Written survey:
it was applied to the teachers with the objective of specifying the information
about the knowledge and treatment of strength preparation. In this sense,
questions were elaborated that pointed to the concept of force that is handled,
how it works, the main exercises that are used, among others.
Scientific
observation: it was used with the objective of perceiving, in the natural
setting, the treatment and procedures used to work on strength in the training
unit, as the main space in which the fulfillment of the macrocycle planning
takes place.
Triangulation:
once the analysis of the methods and/or techniques was carried out
independently and from different angles, it allowed verifying the data and
establishing trends in relation to the preparation of strength in Basketball in
the province.
Participatory
techniques:
The workshops
were aimed at sports teachers. These workshops were the ones that allowed the
elaboration of the exercise proposal based on its foundation and presentation
structure.
Opinion survey:
This was applied to the specialists who did not participate in the workshops,
with the intention of knowing their opinion about the possibilities offered by
the proposal.
Statistical
mathematician: The empirical frequency distribution and its corresponding
percentage distributions were used to process the data recorded in the survey.
Information
processing
The results of
the application of the different research methods and/or techniques used were
processed after combining quantitative and qualitative procedures, taking into
account the characteristics of the data. Depending on these characteristics,
content analysis categories were developed and the empirical frequency distribution
was used.
Results and Discussion
Characterization of the current
state of knowledge and treatment of force in basketball players in the province
His analysis is
projected on two planes:
1. Official
projection assumed in relation to the preparation of strength in school
Basketball
As part of this
plan of analysis, the documentary review was used to obtain the information.
The following
documents were reviewed:
- Indications
of the president of the National Institute of Sports and Recreation (Inder)
- Comprehensive
Athlete Preparation Program
- Training
plans
- Control
protocols and preparation checks
- Basketball
development strategy in Villa Clara.
2. Projections
of the main authors of the process (teachers)
In this plane,
the written survey was applied to collect the information. For a deeper
reflection, the survey was analyzed in two parts: the first part groups the
questions that report on strength in general (questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
and on exercises with weights (questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). questions 8, 9
and 10).
Regarding the
first group of questions, 100% of the respondents recognize strength as very
important for the Basketball player, this fact is very significant for the
purposes of being able to carry out investigative and improvement actions with
these teachers. Regarding question two, 100% affirm that they work with
strength because they consider it important, but fundamentally in the first
stage of preparation.
On the other
hand, regarding the answers to question three related to the types of strength
that the basketball player must develop, 40% mention explosive strength, 25%
resistance to strength, and the rest indicate rapid strength. as essential in
the Basketball player and a respondent refers to the strength but from the
muscular planes showing that the criteria that is possessed about the strength
that the Basketball player really needs is not unified.
About the
moment in the training when they work on strength, 100% agree that they work on
it at the end of the main part because it is an exhausting job that does not
favor carrying out the technical preparation afterwards. The answers to
question five about whether they divide the volume (repetitions) for the
preparation of strength by muscle planes (arms, trunk and legs) 90% refer that
they do allocate volume to the arms and legs, but do not take into account the
trunk work, this negative aspect considering the characteristics and demands of
the basketball game for players who generally have a size above the average.
On the
orientations they receive regarding the work that must be carried out as part
of the preparation of force; 100% consider that they are not enough, mainly
when working with weights. They point out that the exercises that are oriented
and mastered are not enough, however they do consider them important for the
development of the basketball player's strength preparation.
In the
observations of the training units, it was found that exercises with weights
are not used for the development of strength. Regarding the quantity, it can be
seen that three or four are used depending on the objective as a way of
planning the treatment of the subject. This procedure corroborates the answers
given by the coaches in the survey.
Regarding the
explanation and demonstration, in 95% of the observations it was appreciated
that the work objectives are set, corrected, and the athlete takes part in the
process.
Triangulation
was applied in order to collect data from different angles, to verify and
interpret them, as it is considered a technique that provides credibility and
neutrality. This technique was used to verify the opinions expressed by the
respondents and the observation, in order to obtain the matching information on
the main existing insufficiencies.
- the
respondents recognize as very important the strength for the Basketball player
- They affirm
that they work with strength because they consider it important, but
fundamentally in the first stage of preparation
- In relation
to the types of strength that the Basketball player must develop, they mention
explosive strength and resistance to strength, and another points out rapid
strength as essential in the Basketball player and one respondent refers to
strength, but from the muscular planes showing that the criterion that is
possessed about the strength that the Basketball player really needs is not
completely unified
- About the
orientations they receive regarding the work that must be carried out as part
of the force preparation; all respondents consider that they are not enough,
especially when working with weights
Proposal development and
structuring process
For the process
of elaborating the manual, the authors took into account a series of
particularities that guaranteed its genesis and improvement, in such a way that
an alternative solution to the problem of perfecting work with weights as an
essential part of the preparation of strength in players was achieved. of
basketball.
This
elaboration process was supported by workshops in which analyses, syntheses,
inductions and generalizations were developed, starting from interactive
positions.
Not only the
experiences and contributions of the participants contributed to the discovery
of the path that the proposal should take, but also the information obtained
through the diagnosis of knowledge, methodological procedures and demands of
improvement regarding the preparation of force. From this logic, the guided
interaction and the collective decision were born the themes for the workshops,
which became a program for overcoming content on force preparation.
The workshop topics are listed
below.
Workshop I:
Subject: Theoretical aspects of the preparation of the force.
- Main
definitions and concepts.
-
Teaching-learning models.
-
Classification of strength.
Workshop II:
Topic: Methodological aspects of the preparation of the force.
- Methods for
the development of muscular strength.
-Exercise with
weights. Most common errors and their corrections.
- Main theories
for the conception and selection of exercises with weights.
- Conception of
the manual of exercises with weights.
Workshop III:
Topic: The treatment of force in school basketball
-Professional
experiences.
- Principle of
individualization.
- The redesign
of the manual of exercises with weights.
- Main
fundamentals of the exercises with weights that will make up the manual
As can be seen,
the organization of the topics of the workshops goes from the theoretical
foundations to the approach of the experiences and conceptions of the exercises
with weights and the manual itself to face the problem of working with weights
as an essential part of the preparation. of strength in basketball players of
the school category.
Once the
workshops were over, a survey of the participants' opinions was carried out.
They considered that thanks to the workshops they achieved:
- Delve into
the theories and criteria on the preparation of the force.
- Point out
their criteria about the means and methods for the preparation of force.
- Recognize its
main gaps in the pedagogy of teaching and learning.
- Prepare a
manual that responds to the conditions and needs of basketball teams
Structure of
the manual
It is structured as follows:
- Front page
- Index
- Introduction
- Chapter 1
·
History of strength training
·
benefits of strength training
·
Exercises with weights
·
Work areas in the use of
percentages (%)
·
Organizational forms
- Episode 2
·
Characteristics of the
development of the types of force
·
Weight training planning for
strength development
·
Methodological tasks for the development of
strength in Basketball
·
Specific test with overload
applied to Basketball
·
Plan of activities for the
development of resistance to rapid force in basketball athletes
·
Selection and application of the
specific test with overload applied to Basketball athletes
·
Work recommendations based on
test results
·
Exercises with weights to work
strength according to the morphological characteristics
Methodological considerations for
strength work with weights.
Table No 1. Distribution of
repetitions by zones and work ranges
|
Work areas |
Work time |
Force Lying down |
Push-off |
Squat |
|
1- 65% |
|
12 Rep. |
9Rep. |
8Rep. |
|
2- 70% |
15” seg |
10Rep. |
8Rep. |
7Rep. |
|
3- 75% |
|
8Rep. |
7Rep. |
6Rep. |
|
4- 80% |
|
6Rep. |
6Rep. |
5Rep. |
Evaluation of the proposal
The opinion
poll carried out among specialists offers the following results.
Application
level (economy and facilities)
Specialists
believe that the manual allows teachers to be guided from theory and the
exercises proposed are very useful for Basketball, and the way they are
presented allows them to be easily understood and applied, they not only serve
to exercise the ability to what they are created, but also allow to delve into
the theory of strength preparation, and its determining concepts for
performance.
It is
recognized by the specialists that some of the exercises are known and widely
used by them, but that in most training sessions there may be a lack of
guidance on how to put them into practice in correspondence with the objective.
In this sense, it is necessary to emphasize that this has actually been
happening frequently.
The elaborated
exercises imprint a greater scientificity to the process of preparation of the
force in the Basketball players, since they are based on fundamentals such as:
transfer of the general exercises to the special ones of the sport.
The specialists
express that the work acquires a greater finesse, the process is more acute,
which is what requires a high-level preparation.
Variants are
appreciated that allow individualization to be carried out. This scientific
nature and sharpness contributes in a general sense to the enrichment of
knowledge, and, consequently, to the improvement of the professional skills of
Basketball teachers.
In this
context, the specialists are also of the opinion that the exercise proposal
manages to meet several expectations:
- It deepens in
the preparation of strength and has aspects that favor individualization.
- Reveals the
least complex exercise, which is not always achieved in practice, because it is
intended more for the teacher than for the students.
- Achieves a
transfer of the strength achieved in a general way to the structure of the
movement of the technique for which the exercise was intended.
- Offers
knowledge of specific procedures to enhance the work of the force
These
revelations of the specialists base the criterion of the social utility that
the proposal presents.
Recommendations for improvement.
The specialists
offered precise recommendations for improvement, such as the need to continue
working on ways to evaluate the development achieved.
Conclusions
The preparation
of Basketball teachers regarding the work with weights as part of the
preparation of strength is insufficient, which can be seen in the existence of
difficulties in planning and in the training units and there are no precise
guidelines regarding that kind of work
The conception
of the proposal for the preparation of Basketball teachers was in accordance
with the topics that were demanded, has practical utility, represents a
methodological contribution to the problem being addressed, is based on the
needs of teachers and enriches the bibliography. specialized, the treatment of
strength is facilitated through exercises with weights.
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