Tipo de artículo: Artículo original Recibido: 05/05/2020

Aceptado: 09/08/2020

El tratamiento metodológico de la preparación técnico- táctica en luchadores escolares de Villa Clara

The methodological treatment of technical-tactical preparation in school wrestlers from Villa Clara

Ricardo Enrique Ibañez Díaz1*, Rafael de Mato Navelo Cabello2, Mercedes de Armas Paredes3 

1 Dirección Municipal de Deportes, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba. Orcid 0000-0003-3373-1283

2 Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas. Facultad de Cultura Física, Cuba. Orcid 0000-0002-6634- 2076 

3 Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas. Facultad de Cultura Física, Cuba. Orcid 0000-0002-4273- 0680 * Autor para correspondencia: ridiaz@uclv.cu

Resumen  

La preparación técnico-táctica en la Lucha Olímpica (estilo Libre y Grecorromana) es una de las menos estudiadas, dado entre otras cosas por la complejidad de su tratamiento, siendo este tipo de preparación  una  de  las  más  débiles  mostradas  por  los  luchadores  villaclareños  en  las  diferentes competiciones. Por lo anterior se hace necesario el estudio en esta temática, en especial el de la enseñanza y perfeccionamiento de los elementos técnicos y el estudio del pensamiento táctico del luchador en las acciones técnico-tácticas. El estudio tiene como objetivo diagnosticar el estado actual que presenta el tratamiento metodológico de la preparación técnico-táctica en la Lucha Olímpica escolar villaclareña acorde a las demandas competitivas y las exigencias del deporte actual. Sus resultados  brindan  la  posibilidad  de  perfeccionar  el  entrenamiento  técnico-táctico.  Se  ofrece  la situación actual que presenta el tema en cuanto a la preparación técnico-táctica durante el período preparatorio  de  los  luchadores,  apoyándose  en  el  análisis  de  documentos,  la  observación,  la entrevista y la triangulación. Se pudo conocer que la producción intelectual existente en este deporte es  más  rica  en  temas  sobre  técnica  y  condición  física  que  en  lo  técnico-táctico.  Se  determinan insuficiencias en la conceptualización en torno al tratamiento técnico-táctico, en la aplicación de los métodos, así como de sus contenidos y un papel absoluto del entrenador en dicho proceso, lo que limita las posibilidades de los luchadores en cuanto a su independencia en la toma de decisiones.

Palabras clave: Lucha olímpica, tratamiento metodológico, preparación técnico-táctica

Abstract 

The technical-tactical preparation in the Olympic Wrestling (Freestyle and Greco-Roman styles) is one of the less studied due, among other things by the complexity of its treatment, being this type of preparation, one of the weakest shown by Villa Clara fighters in the different competitions.  That is why  it  is  necessary  to  study  this  subject,  especially  the  teaching  and  improvement  of  technical elements and the study of the fighter's tactical thinking in technical-tactical actions. The study aims to  diagnose  the  current  state  presented  by  the  methodological  treatment  of  technical-tactical preparation in the Villa Clara school Olympic Wrestling according to the competitive and of the current sport demands. Its results provide the possibility of perfecting technical-tactical training.  The current situation presented by the subject in terms of technical-tactical preparation during the preparatory  period  of  the  fighters  is  shown,  based  on  the  analysis  of  documents,  observation, interview and triangulation. It was possible to know that the existing intellectual production in this sport is richer in subjects about technique and physical condition than in the technical-tactical. Insufficiencies are determined in the conceptualization around the technical-tactical treatment, in the application of methods, as well as of its contents and an absolute role of the coach in that process, which limits the possibilities of  the fighters in  terms of  their independence in  decision making

Keywords: Olympic Wrestling, methodological treatment, technical-tactical preparation

Introduction

To maintain high performance in school wrestlers, it is necessary to understand the complex training process and search for different alternatives that make it possible to improve the preparation of the wrestlers, so that the obstacles that may appear in the preparation can be solved.

The physical and technical requirements increase dramatically from the different scientific research studies, since in this sense there is an extensive intellectual production through magazines, books and a large number of publications that seek to increase the knowledge regarding these components of the training process, however, a vitally important component for combat sports and especially for Olympic Wrestling, is the technical-tactical component,

Navelo,  R.  (2001)  defines  technical  -  tactical  preparation  as  a  pedagogical  process  where  the transmission and assimilation of technique and sports tactics occurs in a dialectical unit, so that the player effectively achieves the solution of motor tasks in the game. However, this concept has not been developed in all its magnitute, an example of it is expressed by Morales, A. (2002) when comparing the training in the different preparations and determines the differences regarding their treatment.

It is inferred from this, that, as a historical result of the procedure, there have been fighters with a high physical, volitional and technical component, and at this time it is necessary to arm them with an adequate technical-tactical preparation, in such a way that it accomplishes the expectations and the increasingly contemporary competitive demands.

Other investigations carried out on the subject agree that there is a great interdependence between the technical-tactical  and  psychological  factors,  among  which  an  emphasis  has  been  placed  on knowledge, the level of reasoning and previous experience. 

Del Pino, S. (2003) states that, in wrestlers of the National Team, intellectual capacity is related to theoretical knowledges on the subject. However, the psychological factors involved in tactics include other spheres in addition to the cognitive one. In this direction also López, R. (2010) highlights the importance of the necessary concentration that allows an adequate technical-tactical conduct of the fight, but does not provide procedures to face the process of technical-tactical preparation of the fighter.

On  the  other  hand,  López-Ros  and  Sargatal  (2014)  acknowledge  the  technical-tactical  unity  by stating that, due to a given sporting context, it can has a technical and a tactical dimension and this should  be  relevant  for  practice,  fundamentally  because  if  it  is  only  considered  one  of  the  two dimensions, the training will be stated in another way than if it is considered together.

Milan and Cabrales (2016) consider that the technical-tactical preparation includes the improvement of the rational procedures for solving the problems that arise in the competition process and, the development  of  special  capabilities  that  determine  the  effectiveness  in  combat,  which  must interrelate in the same context. Technical-tactical preparation has become a fundamental link in the general  training  of  the  athlete  and  acts  as  a  determining  factor  in  performance  and  competitive success.

In the same way, Milan and Cabrales (2016) emphasize that when technical-tactical  actions are mentioned, it is possible someone wonders why two components of preparation are united as one, and it is important to clarify that in Wrestling these elements are indissoluble, since during  the learning  and  improvement  of  a  technical  element,  the  tactic  must  always  be  present,  since  the favorable condition that is presented or propitious to achieve its success, must be considered.

On the other hand, Barkov (2017) carries out a study in the Free Wrestling matches of the Moscow State University whose data and analysis gave the means to  offer practical  recommendations to university wrestlers. This research shows an assessment of combat actions as an essential element in measuring performance.

In addition, in the Olympic Wrestling, technical-tactical preparation has been addressed by authors such as Guevara, L.F. (2014) and González, S. (2017) who offer a group of elements that allow to guide  the  technical-tactical  actions  of  the  fighter,  but  are  only  limited  to  giving  physical  and technical recommendations, thus reducing the richness of the tactical aspect that is not only limited to this, in addition to being proposals in which their method for teaching is directive; also Argudo (2020) who recognizes indistinctly the independence and technical-tactical unity in the preparation in the Olympic Wrestling.

It has been taken into consideration the recognition by the managers and coaches of the Olympic Wrestling  in  Villa  Clara,  in  analysis  meetings  of  the  National  Youth  Olympics  and  in  sport planarians,  the  need  to  perfect  the  methodological  treatment  in  training,  the  criteria  of  various authors and specialists, as well as the considerations provided by different researchers based on their results in the international and national order.

It is also taken into account what is expressed in the report of the National Commission that states that in Villa Clara, related to technical-tactical preparation, that the studies carried out in terms of its methodological  orientation  are  insufficient,  causing  limitations  in  planning,  organization  and execution. of the process, which affects the harmonious development of the fighter. Also they show the  need  to  seek  for  new  methodological  variants  that  help  to  achieve  a  better  performance  of Olympic Wrestling coaches. (National Wrestling Commission 2016)

Starting from the problem situation mentioned above, the following scientific problem emerged: What are the conditions found in the methodological treatment of the technical-tactical preparation in Villa Clara´s school fighters?

According to this, the following objective is stated: to diagnose the current state presented by the methodological  treatment  of  technical-tactical  preparation  in  the  Villa  Clara  school  Olympic Wrestling.

Methodology

The research carried out has a non-experimental character because the phenomenon is observed as it is, without the researcher manipulating the variables or having direct control over them, but can only verify their effects as a whole. It is of an exploratory way when is carried out to obtain a first knowledge of the situation where a further investigation is planned.

In  this  type  of  research,  it  is  assumed  the  descriptive  character  because  it  complies  with  the description of the phenomena. Uses descriptive methods such as document analysis, to study the normative and methodological documents of the process, related to the subject under study. 

Observation, to verify in practice the application of the methodological treatment of technical-tactical preparation in the school fighters of Villa Clara. The interview, to know what is the current state of the methodological treatment of technical-tactical preparation in the Villa Clara school fighters, and the triangulation that allowed determining the elements that support the results achieved.

Results and Discussion

Document analysis 

It made possible to collect information, with a view to describing the reality of the treatment of the fighter's technical-tactical preparation. The documents that are guiding in the work of the Sports, Physical Education and Recreation National Institute (NISPER) are consulted and it is specified in those  contemplated  by  the  National  and  Provincial  Fighting  Commission  such  as:  the  main Comprehensive  Program  of  Athlete  Preparation  (CPAP)  document  and  guide  to  methodological work in our sport.

This is considered the guiding document for the work of coaches with highly valid information. This document guides how the athlete's preparation of the different categories should be in Wrestling. It constitutes an important instrument in the hands of coaches because it expresses guidelines related to the objectives of training the wrestler in his initiation and improvement stage. 

In the analysis of the Comprehensive Athlete Preparation Program, the following difficulties were evidenced: 

-          No actions are appreciated and the methodological  guidelines for the treatment of technical- tactical preparation are limited. 

-          The tactical content is only limited to giving tactical recommendations for all moments of the preparation equally and there is no differentiation that attends to the individual characteristics of the fighters, nor methods and means for treating it.

The directive method for teaching according to Jiménez, C. (2003) is characterized by: 

•         The student is a passive subject, since the coach occupies the absolute guiding role in the process.

•         They place emphasis on the development of the execution mechanism, on the training load and the technical-tactical action is not considered, nor the partial performances in this sense during training and competition.

•         The types of situations are decontextualized with little similarity to the real combat situation, since they focus on technical execution and do not reflect that the technical-tactical process is inseparable.

In this sense, studies carried out in the province of Villa Clara in theses of masters, specialties and doctorates by, Toledo, R. (2009), Fernández, Toledo and Carrillo (2011), Guevara, L.F. (2014), López, R. (2016), reveal that in the pedagogical practice present in the teaching-learning process of the Olympic Fight, the aforementioned methodological procedure predominates.

Other studies have emphasized the importance of the volitional sphere, González, S. (2017) observed that, in fighters, perseverance and self-control allow the choice of technical-tactical actions and one of the most important objectives that every coach pursues on the sports belonging to the Combat or Sports  Games  groups,  is  to  achieve  a  high  development  of  the  technical-tactical  actions  of  its practitioners, this author, although he presents results in the theoretical order, does not specify the means to achieve these purposes.

The review of the training plans revealed the following: 

•         Poor formulation of objectives related to technical-tactical preparation in the stages, mesocycles, microcycles and in the corresponding training units.

•         Deficient  concrete  actions  aimed  at  dealing  with  technical-tactical  preparation  from  the perspective of the integration of the physical, theoretical and psychological. 

•         There are no specific methods for the treatment of technical-tactical preparation.

The preparation status check reports were also reviewed in the training plans, in order to verify inadequacies in the planning of individualized treatment of the technical-tactical preparation of the fighter,  an  aspect  that  highlights  the  need  to  create  new  alternatives  that  allow  improving  the technical-tactical preparation of the school fighter. When the review of this document is carried out, it  can  be  seen  that  in  the  forms  used  for  control,  they  refer  to  specific  actions  of  defense, counterattack and their effectiveness, both in the standing position and in four points, but it is not valued the aspects related to technical-tactical actions.

Interview with Wrestling Coaches 

The interview was conducted with coaches linked to the training process in Olympic Wrestling, among which are:

16 coaches of the school category, who participated in the 2018 National School Games and five (5) Olympic Wrestling coaches from the province of Villa Clara, belonging to the “Héctor Ruiz Pérez” Sports Initiation School (SIS).

These coaches are selected intentionally, justifying this criterion by:

•         Mastery of the subject.

•         Have a Bachelor Degree.

•         Possess  more  than  10  years  of  experience  in  working  with  the  school  category  in  high    performance.

•         Have carried out research related to the subject.

The interview was carried out with the purpose of knowing from different perspectives how they carry out the treatment of the fighter's tactical preparation and the different methods used in this treatment.  

1. Regarding the technical-tactical unit.

The  significance  aspects  are  given  in  the  division  of  criteria  around  the  unity  in  the  work  of technique and tactics, since 75% state that they always work with it together and 25% refer to the fact that they sometimes carry out this work by separated.

2. Regarding the dosage

Regarding the dosage of the technical-tactical preparation, 62.5% refer that, they dose it, 12.5% do not dose it and 25% sometimes.

3. Regarding the technical-tactical means (exercises)

The teachers have a good command of the means used for technical-tactical preparation. They refer to  their  characteristics,  however  the  difficulty  lies  on  its  limited  use  and  is  not  based  on  the knowledge of the tactical demands of the wrestler's activity.

4. Around the beginning of the tactical work

100% of the teachers state that they begin to work on tactics in the special stage, so they do not recognize the existence of general exercises as a basis for the exercises used in the special and competitive stage.

5. The technical-tactical demands and content

In relation to this aspect, the coaches refer to some of the elements of the tactic that must be mastered by the fighters, they make references to combat situations, masking, baiting, obstruction, among others, but there is no clarity on what to teach from a technical-tactical point of view.

Observation to training sessionsa 

This method made possible to enter into direct contact in specific contexts and situations within the training and competition process. 26 observations were made to the training sessions of the Villa Clara Greco-Roman Wrestling school team, with the aim of verifying in practice how the treatment the technical-tactical preparation of the wrestler is manifested. These observations are made in the general and special preparation stages.

From the total observations, 10 correspond to the general preparation stage and 16 to the special one. The  general  preparation  stage  begins  at  the  end  of  the  developer  mesocycle  I  and  the  special preparation  stage  at  the  beginning  of  it.  The  observation  guide  is  prepared  by  the  authors  and submitted to the evaluation of the Wrestling professors of the Villa Clara Physical Culture Faculty and the members of the Council of Science and Technological Innovation of the Olympic Wrestling.

It was possible to verify how the coaches develop the treatment of the technical-tactical preparation of  the  fighter  in  terms  of  methods,  means,  direction  of  the  process,  among  other  aspects.  The observations are made by the researcher, in conjunction with two directors of Wrestling and two professors from the Faculty of Physical Culture of Villa Clara, who received prior preparation for this purpose.

It is evident that the given treatment is eminently technical as the exercises and corrections that are made  point  to  this  aspect  of  the  preparation.  Another  important  aspect  to  assess  is  the  way  of evaluating the technical-tactical point, 50% use observation, 25% measurement, 12.5% tests and the rest, 12.5% say they do not use any of them.

Regarding the methods of technical-tactical preparation it was found that there is a lack of clarity on the part of the coaches according to the use of the technical-tactical preparation methods, the game, the competition, the variable and standard, being them important methods for the development of technical-tactical work. 

Triangulation 

Triangulation offers the opportunity to improve organizational diagnosis by synthesizing the results derived from multiple scientific methods, in a valid and consistent interpretation. It is carried out from the methods of document analysis, observation and the interview. The objective of using it in this stage was to arrive at regularities, by contrasting the results obtained by the methods.

It was triangulated based on the following units of analysis: 

1. Theoretical  knowledge about  the treatment  of the technical-tactical  preparation of the school fighter.
2. Application of general and special means for the treatment of technical-tactical preparation in the training session. 
3. Organization of the technical-tactical preparation process in the training session.

Results of the methodological triangulation  

The triangulation carried out yielded the following results:  

•         Coaches know and have little bibliography that addresses the topic of treatment of technical- tactical preparation in combat sports; they are guided for its treatment by the methodological indications of the SIPP, which are insufficient considering only tactical recommendations. 

•         There are inaccuracies in the technical-tactical definition, which limits its treatment. 

•         Basic  conceptions  of  sports  training  based  on  technical-tactical  actions  are  not  offered  to wrestlers, in such a way to allow them to put their knowledge and skills into practice, in new situations in their natural context. 

•         Lack of actions for technical-tactical treatment from the first moments of preparation.  

•         There was a lack of systematicity in the treatment  of technical-tactical  content based on the individual characteristics of fighters.

•         The presence of a traditional and directive approach by the coaches in  the technical-tactical preparation process is evident.

•         Lack of actions that facilitate the orientation of the wrestlers on how to work in a conscious, creative, independent way, in the different moments of the preparation, that allows them to obtain the desired results.

Taking into account the limitations detected in the diagnosis made to the state of the technical- tactical preparation of the school fighters, which has influenced the low competitive results in recent years, the authors propose to carry out multilateral actions to allow the fighter to execute techniques of all the groups and subgroups, both of the standing position and at 4 points.

It is considered that the technical-tactical preparation of the fighter includes the improvement of the different  technical  elements  and  its  automatization,  as  it  solves  the  problems  of  establishing fundamental  tactical  schemes, aspects that the authors of the study  assume and propose for the improvement of the technical treatment -tactical of any technical action.

The following guidelines are proposed:

•         Choose the technical-tactical actions according to the characteristics of the functional, physical and psychological development of the fighter.

•         Choose  the  most  effective  technical  actions  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  current international regulations.

•         Select the technical-tactical actions and their variants with the greatest possibility of results in the combats, taking into account the characteristics and possibilities of the opponent.

•         Apply a correct teaching methodology and a systematic review of the programs and the study and improvement  of  technical-tactical  actions  by  groups  and  subgroups  and  from  the  easier movements to the more complex ones.

Conclusions

The diagnosis of the current state of the methodological conceptions used for the treatment of the technical-tactical preparation in school fighters showed, among other aspects, inadequacies in the conceptualization around the technical-tactical treatment, in the application of the methods, as well as its content and an absolute role of the coach in this process, which limits the possibilities of the fighters in terms of their independence in decision-making.

Based  on  the  results  of  the  diagnosis,  guidelines  are  proposed  to  the  coaches  to  facilitate  the treatment of the technical-tactical preparation of school fighters.

Bibliographic references

Argudo,  C.  A. (2020).  The Sports  Training  Process  of  the  Spanish  Olympic  Wrestler  (doctoral

thesis). University of Murcia: Murcia.

Barkov,  A.  Y.  (2017).  Securing  university  wrestlers'  technical  and  tactical  progress  based  on

competitive performance quality rating data. Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, (1), 53- 55.

Del Pino and Sabas. (2003). Tactics and Psychological States in Elite Fighters. (s.l) (s.n)

Cuban Federation of Struggles. (2016). Comprehensive Athlete Preparation Program. Havana city.

Fernández, Toledo, & Carrillo. (2011). Organization of the contents in the Greco-Roman Youth

category. Memories of the VI International Symposium "Challenges of Physical Culture in the XXI Century".Cienfuegos. Cuba.

Guevara,  L.F.  (2014).  Effectiveness  of  technical  movements  standing  at  four  points  in  school

wrestlers. (Master's Thesis). ISCF "Manuel Fajardo". Villa Clara.

González,  S.  A.  (2017)  Study  and  technical-tactical  improvement  of  sports  fighting.  Journal  of

Physical Education and Sports, 22 (230), 1-3.

González,  S.  (2013),  Technique  and  Tactics  in  Sports  Fighting.  Havana:  Technical  Scientific

Editorial.

López-Ros,  V.  and  Sargatal,  J.  (2014).  The  learning  of  tactical  action.  (Editors).  Universitat  of

Girona. ISBN: 978-84-8458-436-0.

López,  R.  (2010).  Factors  involved  in  technical-tactical  effectiveness  in  Sports  Fighting.  Study

material. Villa Clara: ISCF. " Manuel Fajardo”.

López,  R.  (2016).  The  direction  of  the  Teaching-Learning  Process  of  the  Olympic  Wrestling.

(Doctoral  thesis).  Central  University  "Marta  Abreu"  of  Las  Villas:  Center  for  Education Studies "Gaspar Jorge García Galló".

Milan, Y.A., Cabrales, W. (2016). Technical-tactical actions in the School Fight, female freestyle of

the ISS Granma. Olímpia Magazine of the Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports of Granma, 13 (40), 147-158.

Morales, A. (2002). The path of success to elite sport. Tegucigalpa: Editorial Cultura.

Navelo,  R.  (2001).  Alternative  didactic  model  for  the  technical-tactical  preparation  of  young

volleyball players. (Doctoral thesis). ISCF ¨Manuel Fajardo¨. Havana.

Toledo, R. (2009) The structuring of the contents in Sports Fight from a technical-tactical conception

of training (Master's Thesis). Villa Clara: ISCF. " Manuel Fajardo”.