Tipo de artículo: Artículo original Recibido: 06/01/2020

Aceptado: 12/05/2020

Acciones para el tratamiento de la resistencia aeróbica

en estudiantes de la carrera Ingeniería Química

Actions for the treatment of aerobic resistance in students of the Chemical Engineering carrier

Alexander  Cabrera  Rodríguez1*,  Yanet  Pérez  Surita2  ,  Omar  Gómez  Anoceto3,  Luis  Ángel García Vázquez3

1 Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas. Facultad de Cultura Física, Cuba. Orcid 0000-0002-4726- 5925

2 Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas. Facultad de Cultura Física, Cuba. Orcid 0000-0002-3220- 3000 

3 Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas. Facultad de Cultura Física, Cuba. Orcid 0000-0003-4658- 3638

4 Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas. Facultad de Cultura Física, Cuba. Orcid 0000-0003-2558- 1115 * Autor para correspondencia: alexanderc@uclv.cu

Resumen  

El problema de las capacidades condicionales y su desarrollo en el hombre como ser biopsicosocial, ha sido motivo de preocupación y estudio por investigadores de diferentes países. Dentro de las capacidades  condicionales  se  encuentra  la  resistencia  aeróbica  que  tiene  vital  importancia  en  la preparación física del estudiante universitario. El objetivo de la investigación que se presenta es proponer acciones destinadas a la mejora de la resistencia aeróbica en los estudiantes de la carrera Ingeniería Química, tomando como muestra intencionada a 28 estudiantes de primer año, entre 17 y 19 años de edad, de ambos géneros (6 varones y 22 hembras). Se aplicaron métodos teóricos como el analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo; del nivel empíricola encuesta, el análisis de documentos y la medición; métodos estadísticos para el análisis de las pruebas realizadas: media, mediana, moda, y rango. Se fundamentó teóricamente desde la Educación Física ofreciendo actividades que ayudan a mejorarla. Se arribó a conclusiones acerca del importante papel de la resistencia aeróbica en los estudiantes de la carrera Ingeniería Química.

Palabras clave: acciones, capacidades, desarrollo, resistencia aeróbica

Abstract 

The problem of conditional capacities and their development in man, as a biopsychosocial being, has been a cause of concern and study by researchers from different countries. Among the conditional capacities is the aerobic resistance that has vital  importance in the physical preparation of the university  student.  The  objective  of  the  research  presented  is  to  propose  actions  aimed  at  the improvement of aerobic resistance in the students of the Chemical Engineering career, taking as a deliberate sample 28 first-year students, between 17 and 19 years of age, of both genders (6 males and 22 females). Theoretical methods such as analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive were applied; from the empirical level to the survey, document analysis and measurement; Statistical methods for the analysis of the tests carried out: mean, median, mode, and range. It is theoretically based on Physical  Education  offering  activities  that  help  improve  it.  Conclusions  are  reached  about  the important role of aerobic resistance in the students of the Chemical Engineering carrier.

Keywords: actions, capacities, development, aerobic resistance 

Introducción

Physical Education as a subject, constitutes a process aimed at developing the physical performance capabilities of the individual, based on the morphological and functional performance capabilities of his organism, the training and improvement of his moral  and volitional qualities that he has as purpose to contribute to the improvement of young people through physical, sports and recreational activities; it helps the integral formation of the human being; It is the only effective alternative to maintain physiological potentials, physical work capacity, and maintain optimal health (Rodríguez, Moré & Gutiérrez, 2019).

As a discipline it is taught in the first four semesters with a frequency of twice a week, it has the imperative to incorporate new content into the training of university students and apply methods that are adjusted to the specific physical demands that the exercise of profession and the technological advances of the practice in Physical Education, supported by a comprehensive and developer training approach, corresponding to the formation of a culture for working life.

The four subjects of the discipline's program incorporate content for the improvement of physical capacities and the development and improvement of motor skills and sports techniques, as well as the formation and consolidation of volitional and moral qualities in the individual.

Among the physical capacities that are developed through Physical Education is the resistance, that from the point of view of energy expenditure is divided into anaerobic and aerobic resistance playing a fundamental role in the physical state of the university student.

It should be noted that aerobic resistance is one of the fundamental pillars in the physical preparation of every individual throughout his life, which forms one of the four basic physical capacities, and whose benefit is reflected in the body and physical performance. 

In  the  field  of  Physical  Education  there  is  a  broad  consensus  about  the  educational  benefits  of practicing aerobic resistance activities, including:

•         Those related to the physiological condition, improving the efficiency of the cardio circulatory and metabolic systems, and of the osteoligamentous apparatus, among others.

•         Those related to the psychological condition, improving the will, self-discipline and the ability to persevere in an effort, among the main ones.

This type of resistance is also called: Endurance, Aerobic Capacity, Extensive Endurance, Aerobic Power, Cardio respiratory Endurance, Stamina, among others.

Several are the contributions of authors about aerobic resistance and its importance that enrich the theoretical foundations of this capacity, among which stand out: Alonso (2018); Bermeo (2016); Carranza  (2006);  Estela  Raffinov  (2018);  Galera  (2013);  González,  Zurita,  San  Román,  Pérez, Puertas & Chacón (2018); Najarro (2013); Pereira, Bravo, Flores, Flores, Marin & Santamaría (2018) and Rodríguez (2019).

It has been evidenced in young people that aerobic capacity is inversely associated with different physiological health parameters, such as insulin resistance, adiposity or lipid profile, factors linked to metabolic  syndrome  and  arterial  resistance,  likewise,  the  relevance  of  aerobic  capacity  as  an indicator  of  cardiovascular  risk  has  been  described  above  other  factors  already  shown,  such  as cardiovascular problems (Hoyos, Irazusta, Gravina, Gil, S., Gil, J., & Irazusta, 2011; Juránková, Bílý &  Hrazdíra,  2015;  Lema,  Mantilla  &  Arango,  2016;  López-Martínez,  Sánchez-López,  Solera- Martínez, Arias-Palencia, Fuentes-Chacón & Martínez-Vizcaíno, 2013).

The controls performed show that there are deficiencies in aerobic resistance from the results of the initial physical efficiency test carried out at the beginning of the 2018-2019 school year, the test with the worst results being the 800-meter race; I know They manifested symptoms of fatigue in the students when carrying out physical activities and the lack of a methodological document in the Department of Physical Education and the Faculty of Chemistry-Pharmacy, that allows organizing and dosing actions that respond to the needs of the Chemistry Engineering students for the treatment of this capacity. Hence the need to enhance the treatment of aerobic resistance in the students of this university carrier and as an objective to develop an action plan for the treatment of aerobic resistance in the students of the Chemical Engineering carrier. 

The research in its scope is aimed at students and teachers of Physical Education at the Central University "Marta Abreu" of Las Villas so that they can develop the process of this subject more efficiently.

Methodology

Methods were used in the study:

•         Theoretical level

Analytical-Synthetical:  It  allows  the  theoretical  foundation,  the  selection  and  elaboration  of  the instruments, the elaboration and implementation of actions, as well as the synthesis of the results obtained to draw conclusions and recommendations about the theme under study.

Inductive-Deductive:  It  makes  possible  to  infer  and  systematize  the  particularities  of  aerobic resistance in the educational teaching process.

•            Empirical level

The survey: A survey was applied to 1st year students of the Chemical Engineering carrier in two moments  of  the  research  (beginning  and  ending)  on  the  knowledge  and  importance  of  aerobic resistance in order to collect the results and see the progress of one survey to another. .

Analysis of documents: Regulatory, methodological documents such as the teaching programs of the subject were analyzed, which together, with investigative works contributed to a greater depth of research.

Measurement: It consists of the process of linking abstract concepts with empirical indicators. In this case, their use allowed to express the results, in numbers. The application of this method gave access to the results of the tests of 800 meters of physical efficiency, and to the values reached by the students during the application of the Cooper test. For the evaluation and classification of the 800 meter test in levels of behavior, the regulations of the Physical Efficiency Tests based on the 90th percentile of the Physical Education Program were used and the Cooper test was evaluated according to age and sex with the normative table of maximum oxygen volume V02 (values of V02 max expressed in ml / kg / min). Cooper, K. (1979).

Statistics: Descriptive statistics was used. Statigraphs such as the mean, median, and mode (measures of central tendency) were used. Rank was also used.

The work was carried out in the following three stages:

First  stage:  Characterization  of  the  state  of  aerobic  resistance  in  the  first  year  students  of  the Chemical Engineering degree. September, course 2018-2019.

Second stage: Preparation of an action plan for the treatment of aerobic resistance in the students of the Chemical Engineering degree. Until December course 2018-2019.

Third stage: Implementation of the proposal. January - May 2018-2019 academic year.

The study is carried out at "Marta Abreu" Central University of Las Villas, worked with a deliberate sample of 28 first-year students of the Chemical Engineering degree, between 17 and 19 years old, of both genders (6 males and 22 females).

Results and Discussion

By characterizing the state of aerobic resistance in the students studied, the following results were achieved:

•         The application of the survey and its processing at this point in the characterization showed that of the 28 students surveyed, only 6 knew about the characteristics, characteristics and benefits of aerobic resistance. 

The six students who issue criteria about aerobic resistance group their responses as follows:

•         6 expose that it physically develops the organism

•         2 outline that it reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

•         2 refer it improve oxygen transport

•         6 state that it develops through aerobic exercises such as running long distances, jogging, cycling

It is important to note that 22 of the 28 students surveyed are unable to provide criteria about aerobic resistance.

As evidenced by evaluating the results emanating from the applied survey, the results obtained are not satisfactory. It exposes the ignorance of the students of the group about the importance and benefits of aerobic resistance.

•         The 800 meter test and the Cooper test were applied to characterize the level of aerobic resistance in the selected sample of students. 

Tables one and two are showed below, summarizing the values obtained during the application of both tests and their statistical processing.

Table # 1 shows the result of the statistical analysis of the 800-meter run of the initial test.

Table 1. Statistical analysis of the first Physical Efficiency Test (PEF) 800-meter race

shows the result of the statistical analysis of the first Cooper test.

Table 2. Statistical analysis of the Cooper test.

The data that is compared in both tables shows that there were deficiencies in aerobic resistance, in reaching results in these tests that show the low level in the behavior of this capacity in both sexes.

•         When reviewing the discipline program, it was found that it does not contain guidelines for the treatment  of  aerobic  resistance.  The  lack  of  a  guiding  methodological  document  by  the department of Physical Education and the faculty of Chemistry-Pharmacy does not guarantee to the Physical Education teacher the clarification of the way to conceive exercises nor actions whose foundation and structure favor the treatment of aerobic efforts in students of these carriers.

Based on the results obtained in the tests and the survey, an action plan is developed to enhance the treatment of aerobic resistance through its consequent application. To undertake the elaboration of the actions that make up the plan, as well as the presentation invariants that the assumed procedure should  contain,  it  was  necessary  to  summarize  some  contents  that  constitute  references  for  its elaboration, such as:

•         Main theories linked to the conception of tasks for the treatment of the capacity under study.

•         Theoretical - methodological aspects that underlie the treatment of aerobic resistance. Documents of a high informative level are used to build tasks in the assumed scope.

•         Models of energy provision for the construction of tasks, used by authors to achieve this purpose.

•         Conception and structuring of tasks for the treatment of aerobic efforts.

•         Procedures  elaborated  by  other  authors  to  undertake  the  treatment  of  aerobic  resistance  in different contexts of performance.

On the basis of the aforementioned references, the plan was going to be built, which is integrated from theoretical activities and actions that involve the practice of physical exercise.

Table 3 Action Plan for the treatment of aerobic resistance

Marathons, excursions, walks  Improve aerobic resistance, using physical  Students  Places  of  social

exercise,  using  the  commemoration  of  Professor  historical  interest significant dates and the link with nature  and

Sport  areas

Below are shown some reflections that support the preparation of the actions that have been declared and that make up the action plan to enhance the treatment of aerobic resistance in these students. These reflections allow us to use foundations that make it possible to explain trends and regularities assumed during the process of construction of the proposal. 

These are:

•         Knowledge of the physiology used for the constitution and organization of the contents within the method to be used during the conception, structuring and possible redesign of the tasks. It is necessary for the professor to master aspects such as the density, the time cycle and the duration of the exercise as contents to manipulate during the treatment of this physical capacity, especially in actions where its objective is motor.

•         Various actions must be presented, to guarantee diversity within the class.

•         Knowing  how  to  reconcile  emerging  content  in  the  actions  designed  with  the  theoretical particularities that allow their treatment, are important aspects to which every professor must aspire to build procedures that guarantee the success of the process and do not constitute a danger to the student's health.

•         The professor must show mastery of the regularities that prefix the choice of a task limited by manipulations  that  can  be  object  and  becomes  into  a  procedure  to  treat  aerobic  efforts  in university students

•         It is advisable to conceive and manipulate the range of actions that constitutes a plan with the declared intentions, to know the state with which the student arrives at the class cycle, to deal with any ability oriented towards healthy physical condition because it will constitute a reference to support the organization of a set of activities leading to capacity development. Remember that students usually come from different environments and motor experiences that make each one to be installed at a practice level, almost different.

•         The  ability  to  build  adequate  training  tasks  is  one  of  the  most  important  qualities  that  any professor should possess. Having resources in the form of exercises is important, but more is having the ability to create or adapt the right task for each moment.

Once the action plan aimed at enhancing the treatment of aerobic resistance is drawn up, its conceive to be applied during January to May 2018.

The action plan is applied in the conceived period, combining each of the actions contained in the procedure,  providing  during  its  implementation  a  variety  of  ways  and  proposals  to  achieve  the intended  objective.  The  actions  that  presuppose  the  performance  of  a  physical  exercise  are harmonized  with  the  actions  of  a  theoretical  nature.  In  May  2018,  the  instruments  designed  to determine the effectiveness of the system of influences developed and organized to treat aerobic resistance are repeated, obtaining the following results:

The results of the application of the second survey allow appreciating a better knowledge of the students of the group about the importance and benefits of the practice of aerobic resistance. The 28 students that make up the study group are able to offer references and criteria about this type of resistance, 28 insist that it physically develops the organism, 16 suggest that lung capacity increases, 16 consider that it improves oxygen transport, 14 have  the criterion that it reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases, 12 assume that enhancing its treatment increases the aerobic capacity and function  of  the  heart,  14  reflect  that  it  helps  to  maintain  and  improve  strength  and  muscular endurance,  and  28  assure  that  it  is  developed  through  aerobic  exercises  such  as  running  long distances, jogging, cycling and swimming.

Tables 4 and 5 are presented below, which refer to the results obtained by the population under study once they received the influences system designed to treat aerobic resistance.

Table  #  4  explains  the result  of  the  statistical  analysis  of the  800-meter  run  of  the  second  test contained in the Physical Efficiency plan.

Table 4.  Análisis estadístico de la segunda Prueba de eficiencia física (PEF) Carrera de 800 metros.

Table # 5 shows the result of the statistical analysis of the second Cooper test 

Table 5. Statistical analysis of the Cooper test

As can be seen in the tables presented and where the results obtained during the second measurement are limited, in all cases there is an improvement that shows the incidence of the action plan applied in these students to treat aerobic resistance. In the case of the 800-meter race of the second physical efficiency test, both sexes manage to improve the level accredited by the regulations contained in this program,  which  has  as  a  classifying  parameter  the  time  spent,  in  this  case  in  the  800  meters. Something similar occurs in the results obtained during the application of the Cooper test.

With the application of the action plan to improve aerobic resistance, cognitive physical development of this capacity is achieved in students, evidenced by the results of the tests carried out and the survey.

The  average  of  the  statistical  results  show  in  the  800-meter  race  (0.14  male,  0.80  female),  the distance traveled (285 male, 320 female) and the maximum volume of oxygen (7 male, 7 female) the increase in the level of capacity development in students. 

Conclusions

In order to improve the aerobic resistance presented by the students of Chemical Engineering, an action plan was developed, based on the theoretical-methodological contents, in which ways and ways to achieve this purpose are identified.

With the application of the Action Plan, a development of aerobic resistance can be seen from the Physical Education class, which contributes to a good physical preparation of the future graduate of the Chemical Engineering career.

The proposed Action Plan is pertinent and viable since it is physically developed for the future professional of the Chemical Engineering career.

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